Deck 17: Corrections in the 21st Century

Question 1

Punitive sentiments have led to an increase in the use of ______.

A) all forms of corrections
B) community corrections
C) treatment programs
D) none of these

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which correctional population quadrupled between the 1980s and the mid-2000s?

A) probation
B) parole
C) jail
D) prison

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In 2014, the incarceration rate for jails in the United States was ______.

A) higher than it was for prisons
B) lower than it was for prisons
C) equal to that of prisons
D) impossible to measure

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The United States has an incarceration rate ______ greater than Japan's incarceration rate.

A) 2 times
B) 5 times
C) 10 times
D) 14 times

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the punitive policies that have yielded an overuse of corrections?

A) the war on drugs
B) rehabilitation
C) mandatory sentencing
D) supermax prisons

Question 6

In regard to corrections, this oft-cited truism is often used.

A) "If you build it, they will come."
B) "No crime is good crime."
C) "Those who do not know their history are likely to repeat it."
D) all of these

Question 7

One possible reason sentence lengths have decreased at the same time that more punitive policies have been put into place is that ______.

A) it is an unintended consequence of the overuse of incarceration
B) rehabilitation has not been effective
C) restorative justice has not been effective
D) people are being sentenced for lesser crimes than before

Question 8

______ most closely approximates the United States in terms of its incarceration rate.

A) Japan
B) The United Kingdom
C) Russia
D) Germany

Question 9

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between punitive policies and sentencing length?

A) Punitive policies have an increased sentence length.
B) Punitive policies have a decreased sentence length.
C) Punitive policies have not had any impact on sentence length.
D) Not enough data are available to determine a relationship.

Question 10

The proportion of women to men or racial/ethnic minorities to whites under correctional supervision remained stable until ______.

A) the introduction of the war on drugs
B) inmates became more recalcitrant
C) the population exploded with the baby boomers
D) none of these

Question 11

The advent and increased use of ______ have caused the management of inmates to shift to warehousing.

A) the war on drugs
B) mandatory sentencing
C) indeterminate sentences
D) supermax prisons

Question 12

By the end of 2009, the imprisonment rate in the United States was approximately ______ per 100,000 residents.

A) 250
B) 500
C) 750
D) 1,000

Question 13

Between 1980 and 2013, the imprisonment rate (just for prisons) in the United States ______.

A) decreased by 75%
B) remained stable
C) increased approximately 200%
D) increased approximately 500%

Question 14

Since 1980, the rate of people incarcerated in America's jails ______.

A) decreased by half
B) remained the same
C) quadrupled
D) increased tenfold

Question 15

Since 1980, the number of Americans on probation ______.

A) increased by just less than 100%
B) increased more than 300%
C) remained stable
D) decreased slightly

Question 16

The incarceration rate in the United States is higher than that of ______.

A) France
B) Japan
C) Saudi Arabia
D) all of these

Question 17

Between 1992 and 2009, the average length of sentences given by state courts ______.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained stable
D) has not been studied

Question 18

Due to the current punitive policies in corrections, which philosophy of punishment has fallen out of favor?

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) rehabilitation
D) retribution

Question 19

High turnover is evident among correctional personnel because ______.

A) training is too rigorous
B) pay is insufficient
C) officers do not feel challenged in their professions
D) all of these

Question 20

The greatest expense for any public service organization is ______.

A) the staff
B) the physical structure that houses the organization
C) the programming
D) the care of inmates

Question 21

What is the double-edged sword in relationships, according to Goleman?

A) Forming them is difficult, so individuals are unlikely to exert the effort, and yet a lack of relationships is causally related to mental illness.
B) Positive relationships enhance health, whereas negative relationships produce adverse effects on mental health.
C) All relationships will inevitably reach a stage of conflict, so individuals must be prepared to deal with conflict when they enter into a relationship.
D) none of these

Question 22

What can reduce some of the negative emotions associated with working in corrections?

A) democratization of the workplace
B) privatization of prisons
C) prisonization of offenders
D) incapacitation of offenders

Question 23

What can be attributed to the recent decline in the use of incarceration?

A) a decline in crime
B) the waning effect of the war on drugs
C) reduced state populations
D) all of these

Question 24

According to West et al. (2010), about ______ of the increase in states' use of prison was due to the increased imprisonment of violent offenders.

A) 22%
B) 34%
C) 60%
D) 72%

Question 25

Saylor and Iwaszko (2009) acknowledge that the huge incarceration increase over the last 20 years was likely responsible for ______ of the decrease in violent crime since the mid-1990s.

A) 10-35%
B) 20-34%
C) 45-57%
D) 34-67%

Question 26

Mass decarceration can bring all of the following positive outcomes EXCEPT______

A) a greater sense of justice
B) less crime to our communities
C) fewer tax dollars devoted to corrections
D) a reduction in correctional industry growth

Question 27

Money saved through decarceration can be put toward ______.

A) reentry programs
B) work and training programs
C) expansion of drug and alcohol programs in communities
D) all of these

Question 28

As we look toward the future, one concern that should preoccupy those concerned about correctional practice is ______.

A) decarceration
B) rising incarceration rates
C) professionalism
D) better training for staff

Question 29

What are the two types of intelligence identified by Goleman (2006)?

A) emotional and social
B) physical and social
C) emotional and physical
D) personal and social

Question 30

A collateral expense for correctional institutions and programs is the care of their ______.

A) staff
B) facilities
C) inmates/clients
D) administration

Question 31

Which of the following states did NOT experience a discernible trend in declines of incarceration rates over the last decade?

A) New York
B) California
C) New Jersey
D) Maryland

Question 32

Porter (2011) notes that developing alternatives to incarceration contributed to a ______ drop in incarceration from 1999 to 2009.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) negligible

Question 33

In recent years, the proportion of the correctional population on community supervision has ______.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained constant
D) increased but then decreased

Question 34

Which of the following states has NOT legalized recreational marijuana?

A) Oregon
B) Nevada
C) Michigan
D) Maine

Question 35

Currently, the most common type of inmate in state prisons is a ______ offender.

A) sex
B) property
C) drug
D) violent

Question 36

Since 2010, the number of parole violators returned to state prison has ______.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained stable
D) increased, then decreased

Question 37

Experts attribute the decrease in the violent crime rate during the 1990s to ______.

A) gun control laws
B) the huge incarceration increase
C) the war on drugs
D) a decrease in the birth rate in the 1970s

Question 38

Which state closed three prisons between 2010 and 2014 to invest the savings into treatment programs?

A) Washington
B) Mississippi
C) Texas
D) Louisiana

Question 39

The negative outcomes of decarceration include ______.

A) more low-level crime
B) a loss of correctional jobs
C) increased substance abuse by ex-inmates
D) all of these

Question 40

The movement in correction based on retribution in sentences has been called ______.

A) correctional abuse
B) penal harm
C) retributive revenge
D) getting tough on crime

Question 41

A movement that includes reducing harsh sentences and liberalizing marijuana laws is called ______.

A) democratic socialism
B) restorative justice
C) penal help
D) social justice activism

Question 42

Green prisons have been started in which of the following states?

A) Washington
B) Mississippi
C) Texas
D) Louisiana

Question 43

Privatization in corrections is ______ phenomenon.

A) a costly
B) not a new
C) a waning
D) a disastrous

Question 44

Welch (2005) argues that corrections has become a ______, which is an enterprise for state legislatures, governors, and city and town leaders who receive contributions from prison/jail contractors.

A) prison military complex
B) military industrial complex
C) corrections industrial complex
D) complex industry

Question 45

In a study of private prisons by Camp and Gaes (2002), it was found that the private sector experienced significant problems with ______.

A) staff turnover
B) escapes
C) drug use
D) all of these

Question 46

______ in corrections occurs when services are provided by or whole correctional institutions are operated by private businesses or corporations.

A) Privatization
B) A corrections industrial complex
C) Penal harm
D) Penal help

Question 47

The largest private prison company is ______.

A) Blackwater Group
B) American Correctional Association
C) Corrections Corporation of America
D) Private Prisons Inc.

Question 48

The largest juvenile prison in the country is in ______.

A) Washington
B) Mississippi
C) Texas
D) Louisiana

Question 49

According to the text, which of the following is TRUE?

A) Much progress is being made in refining how we handle correctional practice and programming.
B) Jails may not be the best places for people who are mentally ill or detoxing from drugs and alcohol.
C) There is much more programming for those incarcerated in prisons than there was ten years ago.
D) all of these

Question 50

Punitive policies vastly increase the use of all forms of corrections.

Question 51

We have proportionately more crimes these days than at any other period in our history.

Question 52

The number of offenders sentenced to prison more than quadrupled from 1980 to 2009.

Question 53

Our use of corrections is greatly in sync with what most other countries are doing.

Question 54

Russia is the only other developed nation whose incarceration rate is close to that of the United States.

Question 55

It is clear why sentencing length has decreased at the same time that more punitive policies have been put into place.

Question 56

The war on drugs has helped increase the rates of female and racial and ethnic minority population imprisonment.

Question 57

The creation of supermax prisons has led to a decrease in the warehousing of prisoners.

Question 58

One outcome of punitive policies has been an increase in rehabilitation programs.

Question 59

Courts are forced to adjust their sentences to the lower relative capacity of prisons, and parole boards are pressured to release inmates as prisons and jails fill up.

Question 60

The United States has a higher imprisonment rate than Saudi Arabia.

Question 61

Eight states have legalized the recreational use of marijuana.

Question 62

Since 2010, the number of parole violators returned to prison has increased.

Question 63

Between 1992 and 2009, the length of the average prison sentence given by state courts increased.

Question 64

The effort to professionalize corrections has yielded consistent fruit.

Question 65

Over the last decade, not all states have experienced increases in their incarceration rates.

Question 66

One explanation for the decline in incarceration rates is reduced state populations.

Question 67

The more we incarcerate, the less we achieve the ideal of incarcerating the most serious repeat offenders.

Question 68

The recent Sentencing Project Report has indicated that state legislatures in at least 23 states and the District of Columbia have adopted 35 criminal justice policies that may contribute to reductions in prison populations.

Question 69

Mass decarceration can be seen as keeping violent inmates in prison for longer periods of time.

Question 70

Goleman (2006) identified three types of intelligence.

Question 71

Hiring and keeping a professional staff are keys to moving correctional institutions into the 21st century.

Question 72

Little supervision of inmates was not a crux of a problem at Walnut Grove.

Question 73

Private prisons have been plagued by problems such as escapes and corruption.

Question 74

The corrections industrial complex is similar to what President Eisenhower warned the nation about when discussing the development of military industrial complexes.

Question 75

Explain the general trend in the rates of crime over the past decade and their significance.

Question 76

Identify and explain the two types of intelligence as identified by Goleman (2006). Discuss their significance for corrections.

Question 77

Discuss what is meant by the term corrections-industrial complex.

Question 78

What is the penal harm movement? Provide a relevant example for corrections.

Question 79

What is the penal help movement? Provide a relevant example for corrections.

Question 80

Discuss the major problems associated with the Corrections Corporation of America's Idaho state contract.