Deck 11: Women and Corrections

Question 1

The first prison with a separate wing for women was opened in ______.

A) 1781
B) 1797
C) 1811
D) 1825

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The poor conditions of the early Bellevue Penitentiary resulted in a ______ epidemic, causing the deaths of 8 women and the escape of 11 others.

A) smallpox
B) tuberculosis
C) salmonella
D) cholera

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The first prison exclusively for women in the United States was opened in ______.

A) 1839
B) 1868
C) 1897
D) 1917

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Prior to the Civil War, in Tennessee ______.

A) the law prohibited the imprisonment of women
B) women convicted of crimes were held in single-sex work camps on farms
C) women were housed with men
D) churches were responsible for boarding female convicts

Question 5

In her study of the Maryland Penitentiary between the years 1812 and 1869, Young (2001) discovered that ______ of the incarcerated females were black.

A) about one-quarter
B) approximately one-half
C) nearly three-quarters
D) almost all

Question 6

A Maryland law passed in 1858 made black women who committed larceny the subject of ______.

A) public flogging
B) sale
C) execution
D) lifetime imprisonment

Question 7

During the 19th century, electric shocks were used to punish prisoners in which state?

A) Georgia
B) New York
C) Tennessee
D) Ohio

Question 8

______ were used to remove impressionable youth from the contamination that association with hardened adult criminals might bring.

A) Houses of refuge
B) Work camps
C) Residential villages
D) Orphanages

Question 9

The attitude of Dorothea Dix about houses of refuge was ______.

A) completely favorable
B) generally favorable
C) generally unfavorable
D) completely unfavorable

Question 10

The first prison to have a separate wing for women inmates was ______.

A) Walnut Street Jail
B) Newgate Prison
C) Eastern Pennsylvania Prison
D) Auburn Prison

Question 11

Which of the following did NOT occur in Auburn Prison in 1825 in regard to the treatment of women?

A) Women were housed in a cramped, unventilated attic.
B) The silent requirement was hard to enforce.
C) Women were without a matron until 1832.
D) Women were not allowed to work.

Question 12

What was the first women's prison in the United States?

A) Mount Pleasant
B) Sing Sing
C) Elmira Reformatory
D) Mount Vernon

Question 13

During the 19th century, for which crimes did white women tend to be incarcerated more than black women?

A) property offenses
B) violent offenses
C) offenses against morality
D) white-collar offenses

Question 14

What punishment, used in Ohio's prisons in 1880, forced a naked offender to sit, blind-folded, in a tub while steam pipes were made to shriek and electric current was applied to the body?

A) lash
B) lip
C) electric bee
D) hummingbird

Question 15

The stated purpose of ______ was to remove impressionable youth, mainly boys but also girls, from the contamination that association with more hardened criminals would bring.

A) houses of solace
B) houses of refuge
C) houses of authority
D) youth authority

Question 16

What percentage of violent crime was committed by women in the 19th century?

A) 3-4%
B) 8-10%
C) 15-20%
D) more than 20%

Question 17

Because women and girls represent a smaller proportion of the correctional population, programming for them has traditionally been ______.

A) individualized
B) tailored to women and girls
C) geared toward men and boys
D) more robust

Question 18

According to Young (1994), historically, which group was most likely to have facilities constructed specifically for them?

A) adult females
B) juvenile males
C) juvenile females
D) the elderly

Question 19

The single largest area of growth for women and girls in terms of correctional populations has been ______.

A) residential juvenile facilities
B) prison populations
C) jail populations
D) probation

Question 20

In 2014, women comprised ______ of the jail population.

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 21

In 2013, women comprised ______ of the probation population.

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 22

The so-called social feminists were often ______.

A) moralists
B) liberals
C) radicals
D) socialists

Question 23

The concept of double deviants is used to suggest that female offenders ______.

A) are often mentally ill and criminal offenders
B) have broken both the gender expectations and the law
C) are often both offenders and substance abusers
D) have failed both as mothers and as citizens

Question 24

In a recent article in American Jails magazine, Ney (2014) argued that, compared to male offenders, female offenders are more likely to ______.

A) have a substance abuse problem
B) be a safety risk
C) have committed their offenses alone
D) receive lighter sentences

Question 25

______ involves the attitudes, values, and beliefs that favor males over females.

A) Oligarchy
B) Pedogarchy
C) Patriarchy
D) Matriarchy

Question 26

Liberal feminists have argued that, to improve their situation, female offenders really need ______.

A) welfare programs
B) religious values
C) job training
D) a supportive male partner

Question 27

About ______ of women have custody of children at the time of their incarceration.

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 28

One of the reasons that women and girls were removed from facilities for men in the 1800s and 1900s was ______.

A) the cost of housing
B) public opposition to incarcerating women
C) sexual abuse by male staff and inmates
D) a large drop in the number of female inmates

Question 29

The trajectory of employment for female correctional officers has been ______ the growth in women and girls under correctional supervision.

A) slower than
B) faster than
C) equivalent to
D) more steady than

Question 30

Women made significant inroads into the correctional population when ______.

A) bridewell construction was being debated as a means of addressing the needs of women and girls under correctional supervision
B) the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed
C) the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was amended in 1972
D) the imprisonment binge took hold in the 1980s

Question 31

Which of the following is an example of one of the social remedies proposed by moralists looking to reform women under correctional supervision?

A) efforts to keep them chaste
B) educational and vocational training
C) drug and alcohol counseling
D) therapy to increase their self-concept and self-worth

Question 32

Over a century of correctional operations has focused almost exclusively on addressing ______.

A) the physical and mental health of women
B) the sexuality of females
C) the social psychological needs of females
D) the role of women as primary caregivers

Question 33

Feminists have been instrumental in pushing for ______.

A) better programming for supervised women and girls
B) lighter sentences for women and girls
C) more court involvement for girls who commit status offenses
D) all of these

Question 34

What is the best explanation for a lack of female offenders in the criminal justice system today?

A) Currently, they are less likely to be prosecuted for their crimes and more likely to receive shorter sentences.
B) They engage in fewer street crimes that would lead to incarceration.
C) They are less likely to engage in drug-related crimes.
D) They are less likely to commit capital offenses.

Question 35

As many as ______ of women in custody have experienced sexual abuse prior to incarceration.

A) 25%
B) 60%
C) 75%
D) 100%

Question 36

Female institutions, because of economies of scale, require ______.

A) a mixed-gender staff
B) almost the same number of administrative staff as larger male institutions
C) a significantly smaller administrative staff than in larger male institutions
D) an exponentially larger administrative staff than in larger male institutions

Question 37

Which of the following is one of the primary rationales for removing women and girls from male correctional facilities?

A) their different needs
B) the lower cost associated with operating segregated facilities
C) their status as targets of sexual abuse by staff
D) patriarchal beliefs that women are a distraction to males in the facilities

Question 38

According to the moralist feminists, a woman who acted in conformance with societal expectations were ______, whereas those who did not were ______.

A) good; deviants
B) good; devils
C) madonnas; whores
D) madonnas; deviants

Question 39

The health care needs of incarcerated women consist of the need to deal with ______.

A) psychiatric needs specific to gender
B) health problems related to both genders
C) psychological needs specific to gender
D) all of these

Question 40

Incarcerated women are different from men in that they ______.

A) cannot create niches
B) miss their loved ones more
C) create pseudofamilies
D) cost less to house

Question 41

Women who violate social and legal prohibitions are known as ______.

A) whores
B) deviants
C) double whores
D) double deviants

Question 42

Which feminist perspective believed that the source of the crime problem for female offenders lay more with the social structure around these women or girls?

A) liberal
B) moralist
C) patriarchal
D) social

Question 43

Which type of sexual harassment occurs when the workplace is sexualized with jokes, pictures, or other ways that are offensive to one gender?

A) hostile environment
B) quid pro quo
C) unwarranted advances
D) none of these

Question 44

The Ninth Circuit Court restrictions placed on correctional staff limited ______.

A) public searches of female inmates
B) body searches of male inmates by female staff
C) body searches of female inmates by male staff
D) all body searches

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT an issue that has arisen as a result of the movement of female staff into male correctional facilities?

A) whether women are physically and mentally suited to corrections work
B) how to deal with sexual and gender harassment
C) whether equal employment rights outweigh the privacy rights of male inmates
D) the degree to which the interaction of male inmates with female correctional staff creates significant distress among male inmates

Question 46

In regard to the mental and physical suitability of women to perform correctional work, the Supreme Court finds that ______.

A) no job qualification has the capacity to restrict women's employment in male correctional facilities
B) women are not physically or mentally capable of engaging in correctional work in male institutions
C) women can be excluded from work in male correctional facilities if there is a bona fide job qualification that women cannot perform
D) women should only be employed in female correctional institutions where the risk of their harassment is low and the infringement on the privacy rights of men is not at issue

Question 47

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between gender and correctional work in terms of the underlying ideology that guides correctional officer interaction with inmates?

A) Male officers may be more likely than female officers to have a human service orientation in their work.
B) Male officers are more likely than female officers to have a security orientation in their work.
C) Female officers are more likely than male officers to have a security orientation in their work.
D) Both male and female officers value the human service orientation over a security orientation in their work.

Question 48

Quid pro quo sexual harassment is ______.

A) sexual harassment that involves an exchange of something for something else, as in the case of sexual favors
B) the creation of a hostile work environment in which the workplace becomes sexualized to the detriment of one gender
C) overt sexual abuse of female staff by male staff members
D) none of these

Question 49

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2015, about ______ of correctional officer jobs in jails and prisons were held by women.

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%

Question 50

According to a recent Bureau of Justice Statistics report, about ______ of all state-level parole agency staff are women.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 51

Researcher have found no historical evidence of women being physically mistreated in the correctional system.

Question 52

Historically, only a small percentage of women have been incarcerated for violent crimes.

Question 53

The first women's prison in the United States was Mount Pleasant, built in 1839.

Question 54

Methods of discipline for women in the 1800s moved from severe to soft, depending on the availability of supervision, the facilities, the number of women incarcerated, and the inclination of the keepers.

Question 55

Dorothea Dix had a very unfavorable view of houses of refuge.

Question 56

The female correctional population has never been larger than it is today.

Question 57

Women and girls under correctional supervision are less likely to have substance abuse problems than their male counterparts.

Question 58

Female inmates are more likely than male inmates to have a history of substance abuse.

Question 59

More than half of all female inmates have a history of sexual abuse victimization.

Question 60

Many of the reform efforts that emerged as a result of feminist scholars and practitioners directed attention to the lack of employment opportunities for women in adult female and male correctional institutions.

Question 61

Females cost much more to incarcerate than males.

Question 62

Among offenders of corporate and white-collar crimes, the more likely offender is female.

Question 63

The number of women and girls as inmates or supervisees in corrections has grown exponentially over the last several years.

Question 64

Patriarchy implies that women are suited for feminine occupations and thus less worthy professions.

Question 65

Social feminists believed that girls involved in the correctional system were there primarily because of the oppressive nature of the social structure and the related effects of poverty and a lack of schooling.

Question 66

Liberal feminists believe that women who violate social norms are whores.

Question 67

Patriarchy is seen as one societal obstacle to achieving equal treatment in corrections.

Question 68

Lawsuits have been remarkably successful in spurring many of the needed changes in correctional practice.

Question 69

Hiring and training practices have little impact on the prevention of sexual abuse in prison.

Question 70

Despite training efforts to provide female correctional officers with defensive and offensive tactics to deal with male inmates, they fail to provide women with an advantage in a physical altercation with a male inmate.

Question 71

Historically, with the exception of matrons, women were prohibited from working in men's and boys' correctional institutions on the basis of law, practice, and/or tradition.

Question 72

Some research suggests that female correctional officers have a calming effect on male prisoners.

Question 73

Inmates have no real right to privacy in the United States.

Question 74

The fact that correctional officers in male institutions frequently have to use brute force to manage and control inmates is one of the instances in which women can be disqualified from working in male prisons.

Question 75

Quid pro quo sexual harassment occurs when the workplace is sexualized in ways that are offensive to one gender.

Question 76

Explain what is meant by women being a numerical minority in corrections.

Question 77

According to your textbook, what is the best explanation for the historically low numbers of female offenders in the criminal justice system?

Question 78

Discuss what liberal feminists believe is the cause of women committing crimes.

Question 79

Explain which strategies you believe will best reduce sexual abuse in correctional institutions.

Question 80

Explain why the abuse of women and girls while incarcerated is particularly damaging to them.