Deck 4: Ethics and Corrections

Question 1

The study of right and wrong is called ______.

A) teleology
B) deontology
C) philosophy
D) ethics

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is key to preventing ethical abuses?

A) preserving a culture of secrecy
B) professionalization of staff
C) nonroutine policies and procedures
D) minimizing legal rights of those in custody

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following was not found by Kirkham (2013)?

A) Staff reported fights and assaults to avoid scrutiny and the possible loss of contracts.
B) Staff abused youth in the facilities by hitting and choking them, sometimes to the point of fracturing bones.
C) Turnover of staff was high.
D) Food was restricted, prepared incorrectly or in an unsanitary manner, and youth were encouraged to gamble with others to win their food portions.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Youth Services International (YSI) reported what percentage of cases that indicated excessive force and injured youth in Florida?

A) 9%
B) 15%
C) 19%
D) 24%

Question 5

How many correctional workers at Rikers Island jails have been prosecuted for assaults on inmates since 2009?

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 6

Kirkham (2013) found which of the following to be true of Youth Services International?

A) Turnover of staff was low.
B) Staff overreported the number of fights and assaults.
C) Food was prepared correctly and in a sanitary manner.
D) Turnover of staff was high.

Question 7

A teleological ethical system focuses on ______.

A) a moral commitment to make the world a better place
B) an act itself
C) the middle ground between perspectives
D) the consequences of an action

Question 8

A deontological ethical system focuses on ______.

A) a moral commitment to make the world a better place
B) an act itself
C) the middle ground between perspectives
D) the consequences of an action

Question 9

______ is concerned with an act itself, whereas ______ is focused on the consequences of the act.

A) A noble ethical system; an egoistic ethical system
B) An egoistic ethical system; a noble ethical system
C) A deontological ethical system; a teleological ethical system
D) A teleological ethical system; a deontological ethical system

Question 10

Ethical formalism is associated with the work of ______.

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Immanuel Kant
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Marvin Wolfgang

Question 11

The categorical imperative was introduced by ______.

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Immanuel Kant
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Marvin Wolfgang

Question 12

Utilitarianism holds that behavior should be aimed at ______.

A) benefiting the individual actor
B) conforming to the ethical teachings of religion
C) resulting in the greatest good for the most people
D) finding a middle ground between positions

Question 13

Utilitarianism is associated with ______.

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Immanuel Kant
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Marvin Wolfgang

Question 14

The natural law framework ______.

A) meets the needs of those concerned
B) conforms to the middle ground between competing positions
C) is based on the needs of the individual actor
D) is concerned with universally understood ideas of right and wrong

Question 15

The ethics of virtue position holds that what is good ______.

A) meets the needs of those concerned
B) conforms to the middle ground between competing positions
C) is based on the needs of the individual actor
D) is concerned with universally understood ideas of right and wrong

Question 16

According to the ethical framework of egoism, good behavior ______.

A) meets the needs of those concerned
B) conforms to the middle ground between competing positions
C) is based on the needs of the individual actor
D) is concerned with universally understood ideas of right and wrong

Question 17

According to the ethics of care framework, good behavior ______.

A) meets the needs of those concerned
B) conforms to the middle ground between competing positions
C) is based on the needs of the individual actor
D) is concerned with universally understood ideas of right and wrong

Question 18

Which system is concerned with whether an act itself is good?

A) teleological ethical system
B) deontological ethical system
C) ethical formalism
D) utilitarianism

Question 19

______ is known as what is right or wrong.

A) Ethics
B) Morality
C) Utilitarianism
D) Humility

Question 20

______ is a philosophical touchstone that is referenced as a guide to human decision making.

A) Ethical formalism
B) Synchronicity
C) Unnatural law
D) Hypocrisy

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a philosophical touchstone that is referenced as a guide to human decision making?

A) ethical formalism
B) religion
C) subculture
D) ethics of virtue

Question 22

"What is good is that which is natural" is ______.

A) religious perspective
B) natural law
C) ethics of care
D) ethical formalism

Question 23

______ is a framework centered on good acts.

A) Religious perspective
B) Natural law
C) Ethics of care
D) Egoism

Question 24

Which framework is based on the belief that the needs of self are most important?

A) ethics of care
B) religious perspective
C) natural law
D) egoism

Question 25

Ethical formalism falls under a ______ system, as the focus is on the act and its rightness (or wrongness) rather than on the consequences of the act.

A) deontological
B) utilitarianism
C) teleological
D) legalistic

Question 26

Which philosopher believed that individuals participated in utilitarian calculus when making a decision?

A) Aristotle
B) Bentham
C) Plato
D) Pollock

Question 27

Utilitarian calculus weighs the ______.

A) possible pleasure of a decision
B) possible pain of a decision
C) possible pleasure and pain of a decision
D) right and wrong of a decision

Question 28

Utilitarianism falls under which system?

A) religious perspective
B) natural law
C) deontological system
D) teleological system

Question 29

Ethics of virtue focuses on where a person is ______.

A) right
B) wrong
C) good
D) bad

Question 30

On which framework is the ethics of care system based?

A) deontological system
B) teleological system
C) religious perspective
D) natural law

Question 31

According to your text, the most obvious reason people behave unethically is ______.

A) peer pressure
B) mental health problems
C) personal gain
D) uncertainty about rules

Question 32

Acting in a way that benefits one's organization but violates the law is called ______.

A) white-collar crime
B) official deviance
C) status offenses
D) noble misconduct

Question 33

The moral commitment to make the world a better place is called ______.

A) discretion
B) utility
C) noble cause
D) higher calling

Question 34

The ability to make choices and act or not act on those choices is called ______.

A) egoism
B) morality
C) anomie
D) discretion

Question 35

A smaller part of a larger culture, with its own norms, values, and beliefs, is called ______.

A) a subculture
B) a microculture
C) a counterculture
D) an autoculture

Question 36

______ is the ability to make choices and act or not act on them.

A) Discretion
B) Subculture
C) Official deviance
D) Noble cause

Question 37

______ is a subset of a larger culture, with its own norms, values, beliefs, traditions, and history of a group of people.

A) Discretion
B) Subculture
C) Noble cause
D) Official deviance

Question 38

Actions taken by officials that violate the law and/or the formal rules of an organization, but that are clearly oriented toward the needs and goals of the organization, as perceived by the official, and thus fulfill certain informal rules of the organization are known as ______.

A) noble cause
B) official deviance
C) personal gain
D) ethical practice

Question 39

Which of the following is a barrier to ethical practice?

A) Do not be sympathetic toward clients.
B) Hire people who are less likely to be motivated by personal gains.
C) Pay people a professional wage.
D) Encourage the professional development of employees.

Question 40

Which of the following subcultural values was identified by probation and parole managers in 1994 and 1995?

A) Always aid your coworker.
B) Be sympathetic toward clients.
C) Never cover for a coworker in front of clients.
D) Always support the decision of a client over that of a coworker.

Question 41

"Always support the decision of a coworker regarding a client" is ______ ethical practice.

A) an objective of
B) a rule in
C) a barrier to
D) a goal of

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a behavior that promotes ethical behavior?

A) encourage involvement of outsider review and professional engagement
B) encourage whistle-blowing
C) promote ethical behavior
D) All of these are behaviors that promote ethical behavior.

Question 43

Which of the following is a reason that individuals may behave unethically?

A) personal gain
B) selflessness
C) humility
D) morality

Question 44

______ is a noble cause theme that may explain police officer behavior.

A) Official deviance
B) The tower
C) Personal gain
D) Selfishness

Question 45

In March 2016, the Florida American Civil Liberties Union found that 23% of the inmates ______ were being kept in solitary confinement.

A) convicted of a drug offense
B) with felony convictions
C) with a mental illness
D) who had filed complaints against the staff

Question 46

The war on drugs was first mentioned by ______.

A) President Nixon
B) President Kennedy
C) President Reagan
D) President Carter

Question 47

The United States spends approximately ______ a year on the war on drugs.

A) $10 billion
B) $25 billion
C) $50 billion
D) $100 billion

Question 48

How many people were arrested for a nonviolent drug offense in 2014?

A) 100,000
B) .5 million
C) 1.56 million
D) 3.1 million

Question 49

What percentage of Americans were incarcerated in 2014?

A) 1 in every 60
B) 1 in ever 4,500
C) 1 in every 1,010
D) 1 in every 111

Question 50

How many students have lost federal financial aid eligibility because of a drug conviction?

A) 200,000+
B) 300,000+
C) 400,000+
D) 500,000+

Question 51

A majority of correctional workers are ethical in their work practices.

Question 52

Organizations and agencies do not have strategies to reduce unethical practices.

Question 53

Youth Services International supported the political campaigns of Florida's and other states' politicians with hefty donations.

Question 54

Morality is concerned with what is right or wrong in the professional sphere.

Question 55

Youth Services International operates 18% of the juvenile facilities in Florida.

Question 56

Ten jail complexes make up Riker's Island in New York City.

Question 57

Systems focused on the consequences of an act are known as ethical formalism.

Question 58

The religious perspective weighs what is right or wrong based on one's religion and covers all facets of living and relationships with others.

Question 59

Pollock defined egoism as "what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative."

Question 60

Moral behavior is shaped by both deontological and teleological ethical systems.

Question 61

Teleological ethical systems are focused on the consequences of an act.

Question 62

Under the ethical formalism system, there is a belief that there is a universal law that includes clear rights and wrongs.

Question 63

Most religions include a universal set of rights and wrongs.

Question 64

In a religious perspective, rights and wrongs are just, clear, and knowable through reason.

Question 65

Natural laws about what is right or wrong are relative to time and place.

Question 66

Women are more likely to be concerned about the care of others as guiding how they behave.

Question 67

Utilitarianism holds that actions that are good conform to the categorical imperative.

Question 68

The idea of the categorical imperative was introduced by Immanuel Kant.

Question 69

Ethics of virtue seeks that which conforms to the middle ground between positions.

Question 70

The noble cause position holds that ethical behavior is based on religious teachings.

Question 71

Negative subculture is a key feature of correctional environments that would make staff and management more prone to unethical behavior.

Question 72

Openness is more likely to reduce unethical behavior and defuse the power of negative subcultures.

Question 73

The United States has the second highest incarceration rate in the world.

Question 74

The war on drugs was introduced by President Nixon.

Question 75

How do the ideas of Immanuel Kant relate to ethical formalism?

Question 76

Compare and contrast an ethics of care framework and an egoism framework.

Question 77

Explain the framework of egoism. Provide an example of action based on this framework.

Question 78

What is utilitarianism? Provide an example of this ethical framework in action.

Question 79

What is a subculture? Discuss how a subculture can play a role in unethical behavior.

Question 80

What is noble cause corruption? Provide a hypothetical example of this phenomenon.