Deck 2: PART A: Correctional History

Question 1

In 1831, which pair came to America, intending to study the newly minted prison system?

A) Bentham and Beccaria
B) Howard and Penn
C) Beaumont and Tocqueville
D) Dix and Maconochie

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A relatively constant theme in corrections over the past few centuries has been ______.

A) the importance of money in decision making
B) separation of church and state
C) a decreasing sense of compassion impacting reform decisions
D) public apathy regarding the punishment of crimes

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following was an advantage to the criminal when examining the extent of punishment among tribal groups?

A) only gender
B) only status
C) gender and status
D) wealth and status

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What was the first type of correctional facility to develop?

A) day-reporting centers
B) prisons
C) jails
D) bridewells

Question 5

In ancient Greece and Rome, citizens who broke the law might be subjected to ______.

A) probation
B) community service
C) humiliation
D) death

Question 6

King Henry II required that gaols be built to ______.

A) extort fine money from citizens
B) remove the poor from the streets
C) hold the accused for trial
D) conduct trials

Question 7

The Catholic Church had its greatest influence on punishment during ______.

A) the Middle Ages
B) Elizabethan England
C) the Reform Era
D) the Enlightenment

Question 8

Galley slavery was used more regularly ______.

A) by the ancient Greeks and Romans
B) in the late Middle Ages
C) in the American colonies
D) on Norfolk Island, Australia

Question 9

After the disintegration of feudalism, what sparked government entities to increasingly respond in a more severe fashion in the demand for resources?

A) crime
B) prostitution
C) poverty
D) war

Question 10

Early workhouses built to hold and whip "beggars, prostitutes, and nightwalkers" were known as ______.

A) gaols
B) reformatories
C) prisons
D) bridewells

Question 11

The removal of those deemed as criminal to other locations, such as the American colonies or Australia, is known as ______.

A) the Marks system
B) galley slavery
C) transportation
D) corporal punishment

Question 12

Which of the following is a benefit associated with the practice of transportation?

A) the removal of criminal classes
B) the exploitation of labor to satisfy a growing need
C) the humane treatment of criminals
D) the removal of criminal classes and exploitation of labor to satisfy a growing need

Question 13

William the Conqueror founded ______.

A) the Tower of London
B) Buckingham Jail
C) the Panopticon
D) Maison de Force Prison

Question 14

The Black Act ______.

A) allowed for the execution of runaway slaves in the Colonies
B) mandated the incarceration of African Americans with unpaid bills
C) prohibited hunters from blackening their faces when killing deer
D) imprisoned all Irish Catholic dissidents living in England

Question 15

In ancient Rome, capitis diminutio maxima involved the ______.

A) public punishment of prisoners
B) death penalty
C) forfeiture of citizenship
D) harsh physical punishment of criminals

Question 16

In 18th-century England, approximately how many crimes could be punished by execution?

A) 10
B) 225
C) 40
D) 5

Question 17

Which is a form of punishment in which those convicted were forced to work as rowers on ships?

A) galleys
B) gaols
C) bridewells
D) hulks

Question 18

During the Colonial era, England ______.

A) sent many of its convicted criminals to America
B) was a destination for American criminals who were exiled
C) instructed its troops to execute any American colonists convicted of a crime
D) provided funding for the first American prisons

Question 19

The practice of using privatized sentences exiling convicts and sending them to a penal colony was called ______.

A) deportation
B) commutation
C) excommunication
D) transportation

Question 20

The Tower of London was used as a prison as far back as ______.

A) 1100
B) 1425
C) 1680
D) 1820

Question 21

In his 1775 census of correctional facilities in England and Wales, John Howard found that the most common types of prisoners were ______.

A) religious protestors
B) debtors
C) felons
D) petty offenders

Question 22

William Penn ______.

A) was an Italian philosopher who decried harsh punishments for minor offenses
B) promoted prison reform based on principles of the Quaker faith
C) was a former sheriff and prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform
D) made plans for a hypothetical prison called a panopticon

Question 23

John Howard ______.

A) was an Italian philosopher who decried harsh punishments for minor offenses
B) promoted prison reform based on principles of the Quaker faith
C) was a former sheriff and prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform
D) made plans for a hypothetical prison called a panopticon

Question 24

Jeremy Bentham ______.

A) was an Italian philosopher who decried harsh punishments for minor offenses
B) promoted prison reform based on principles of the Quaker faith
C) was a former sheriff and prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform
D) made plans for a hypothetical prison called a panopticon

Question 25

Cesare Beccaria ______.

A) was an Italian philosopher who decried harsh punishments for minor offenses
B) promoted prison reform based on principles of the Quaker faith
C) was a former sheriff and prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform
D) made plans for a hypothetical prison called a panopticon

Question 26

A ______ is a rounded prison design in which multitiered cells are built around a hub so that correctional staff can view all inmates without being observed.

A) panopticon
B) gaol
C) bridewell
D) galley

Question 27

Which reformer personally experienced incarceration while he was a prisoner of war?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 28

Which reformer wrote in his book On Crimes and Punishment that "it is essential that [punishment] be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the given circumstances, proportionate to the crime, and determined by law"?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 29

Which reformer was the sheriff of Bedford, England?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 30

Which reformer created the panopticon?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 31

Which reformer sought reform in every gaol throughout England and Europe?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 32

Who developed a system of marks, which later became the basis of "good time" to reward inmates' behavior?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) Alexander Maconochie

Question 33

Which reformer instituted a Great Law, which deemphasized the use of corporal and capital punishment for all but the most serious crimes?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 34

Which reformer was imprisoned in the Great Tower of London for promoting his religion and defying the English Crown?

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) William Penn

Question 35

The influence of religion on early prison operations in the United States is due primarily to ______.

A) the Shakers
B) the Quakers
C) Enlightenment thinkers
D) Presbyterians

Question 36

Quaker ideas had a great deal of influence on the ______ prison system.

A) New York
B) Delaware
C) Connecticut
D) Pennsylvania

Question 37

In the text, the Enlightenment period is compared to what occurrence in Star Trek?

A) waking up from a dream
B) eating forbidden fruit
C) breathing in magical spores
D) being hypnotized by a cult

Question 38

In early colonial towns, prisoners were often held in ______.

A) churches
B) inns
C) schools
D) barns

Question 39

The first jail in America, built around 1606, was located in ______.

A) Jamestown, Virginia
B) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
C) Ossining, New York
D) Barnstable, Massachusetts

Question 40

One of the earliest American makeshift prisons--Newgate prison in Simsbury, Connecticut--started as a ______.

A) well
B) cave
C) dungeon
D) mine

Question 41

Derelict naval vessels that were transformed into prisons were known as ______.

A) hulks
B) bridewells
C) cuttleships
D) galleys

Question 42

It is believed that about ______ convicts were deposited on American shores from English gaols.

A) 100,000
B) 50,000
C) 25,000
D) 2,000

Question 43

______ is known for his reform efforts on a labor colony 1,000 miles off the coast of Australia.

A) Jeremy Bentham
B) Cesare Beccaria
C) John Howard
D) Alexander Maconochie

Question 44

______ was the penal labor colony established in 1788 off the coast of Australia.

A) Norfolk Island
B) Madagascar
C) New Zealand
D) Garcia's Island

Question 45

Jails in the eighteenth century were run on a(n) ______ model, with the jailer and his family residing on the premises. The inmates were free to dress as they liked, to walk around freely, and to provide their own food and other necessities.

A) household
B) institution
C) religious
D) education

Question 46

The oldest standing jail in the United States is in ______.

A) Jamestown, Virginia
B) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
C) Barnstable, Massachusetts
D) Trenton, New Jersey

Question 47

______ was a Quaker who sought to reform English prisons, advocating improved conditions for women inmates.

A) Marianne Fisher-Giorlando
B) Ruth Bader Ginsburg
C) Elizabeth Gurney Fry
D) Meda Chesney-Lind

Question 48

In Le Stinche Prison--which was built in Florence, Italy, in the 1290s--inmates were ______.

A) subject to harsh physical punishment
B) separated by age, social class, and offense
C) targeted for religious conversion
D) deliberately starved to death

Question 49

The use of derelict naval vessels to incarcerate prisoners began in ______.

A) England
B) America
C) France
D) Italy

Question 50

Beaumont and Tocqueville came to the United States but did not observe anything wrong with the systems they studied.

Question 51

One of the constant themes in corrections is that money, or a lack thereof, is a factor in virtually all correctional policy decisions.

Question 52

Prisons and other such institutions serve as a social control mechanism.

Question 53

One early purpose of the correctional system was to remove the "riffraff" from the streets.

Question 54

Religious influence is one of the apparent themes in corrections history.

Question 55

Among tribal groups, the wealthy and poor were treated equally under the eyes of punishment.

Question 56

The use of imprisonment can be traced as far back as the Old Testament in the Bible.

Question 57

The Protestant Church had its greatest influence on punishment in the Middle Ages.

Question 58

Galley slavery was only used to get the poor off the streets.

Question 59

In 18th-century England, a person could receive the death penalty for rioting over wages or food.

Question 60

Bridewells provided a location where poor people could be sent in order to remove them from the streets.

Question 61

The practice of transportation was short-lived in the correctional system.

Question 62

The English continued to transport their prisoners to America well after the Revolutionary War.

Question 63

Galley slavery was used sparingly by the Ancient Greeks and Romans but more regularly by Europeans in the late Middle Ages.

Question 64

The Tower of London was used as a prison for over 1,000 years.

Question 65

The Progressive period spelled out major changes in correctional reform and gave rise to such great thinkers as Cesare Beccaria.

Question 66

Early correctional reformer John Howard was profoundly influenced by his Quaker beliefs.

Question 67

John Howard believed that English gaols treated inmates inhumanely and needed to be reformed.

Question 68

William Penn is credited with creating the panopticon, which was the first prison ever to be constructed.

Question 69

William Penn proposed the Great Law, which deemphasized the use of corporal punishment and capital punishment for all crimes but the most serious.

Question 70

One of the oldest American prisons was a copper mine.

Question 71

The first jail built in America was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1790.

Question 72

Rotary jails were like squirrel cages segmented into small, "pie-shaped cells" that the sheriff could spin at will.

Question 73

The Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, also served as a mine.

Question 74

Debtors' prisons were outlawed in America after the Revolutionary War.

Question 75

What constant themes appear throughout the history of corrections?

Question 76

John Howard's genius was his main insight into corrections. What was this insight?

Question 77

Although they created separate deterrence theories, on what specifics did Bentham and Beccaria agree?

Question 78

Bentham believed that his creation, the panopticon, would greatly enhance the management of inmates by melding which two ideas?

Question 79

What did William Penn's Great Law seek to achieve?

Question 80

Discuss the main themes underlying correctional practice.