Deck 5: Perceiving Others

Question 1

What did Nelson Mandela mean when he said, "Where you stand depends on where you sit"?

A) No one perceives the world exactly as you do.
B) Communication will not solve all problems.
C) Not all communication seeks understanding.
D) Competent communication is not a natural ability.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

You receive a C on your analysis of Hamlet. You believe you deserved a much higher grade because you spent hours writing the essay and made a number of good points. This situation is challenging because the communicators do not share __________.

A) first-order realities
B) second-order realities
C) conflict rituals
D) syntactic rules

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is a second-order reality?

A) Your neighbor recycles paper, glass, and plastic items.
B) Your neighbor drives a Tesla.
C) Your neighbor is an eco-conscious person.
D) Your neighbor does not water his lawn in the summer.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Classifying someone as "uncooperative" uses which type of perceptual schema?

A) Physical
B) Role-based
C) Interaction-based
D) Psychological

Question 5

When your friend calls the latest release from Coldplay lame, you reconsider this music that had sounded great at home alone. This shift in attitude occurs during which stage of the perception process?

A) Selection
B) Organization
C) Interpretation
D) Negotiation

Question 6

Dylan sees Coach Connor as a bully. Coach Connor seems himself as a motivational trainer and mentor. Dylan and Connor have different __________.

A) narratives
B) dialectical tensions
C) confirmation biases
D) self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 7

Which term describes the determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions?

A) Grammar
B) Punctuation
C) Syntax
D) Selection

Question 8

At a restaurant where a crowd is enjoying happy hour, you focus on your friend, filtering out all the other noise. This occurs in which stage of the perception process?

A) Interpretation
B) Negotiation
C) Organization
D) Selection

Question 9

Partners in a satisfying relationship are likely to view each other more benevolently than accurately. This tends to occur at which stage of the perception process?

A) Selection
B) Organization
C) Interpretation
D) Negotiation

Question 10

When you learn that your English instructor also writes romance novels under a pen name, your perception of her changes. This is due to which influence on perception?

A) Cultural influences
B) Social influences
C) Physiological influences
D) Access to information

Question 11

You get up early eager to greet the day, but you know better than to attempt breakfast conversation with your mother, who barely utters a word before 10 a.m. Being either a "morning person" or a "night person" illustrates which influence on perception?

A) Cultural
B) Psychological
C) Physiological
D) Emotional

Question 12

"Female" and "male" are terms that designate __________, whereas "femininity and "masculinity" are terms related to __________.

A) sex; gender
B) gender; sex
C) sex; sexual orientation
D) sexual orientation; sex

Question 13

People who are androgynous have relatively equal __________ and __________ characteristics.

A) masculine; feminine
B) male; female
C) gay; straight
D) young; old

Question 14

Which communication theory would be most relevant to research that examined the intersection of sex, race, and socioeconomic status with respect to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic?

A) Social penetration
B) Social exchange
C) Standpoint
D) Transactional

Question 15

Katie works part-time at a restaurant and tips 25 percent whenever she eats out. Her partner, Omar, is a teacher and disapproves of her "generosity." Which roles most significantly influence their different perceptions of tipping?

A) Relational
B) Occupational
C) Gender
D) Cultural

Question 16

Those who identify as queergender, transgender, bigender, or genderfluid resist __________ definitions of male and female.

A) socially constructed
B) complex
C) binary
D) cultural

Question 17

In Western cultures, ____________ is likely to be interpreted as lack of interest, unwillingness to communicate, hostility, anxiety, shyness, or a sign of interpersonal incompatibility.

A) silence
B) blinking
C) interrupting
D) direct eye contact

Question 18

People raised in __________ cultures, which value independence, are often less adept at perspective taking than those __________ cultures, which value interdependence.

A) low-context; high-context
B) high-context; low-context
C) collectivistic; individualistic
D) individualistic; collectivistic

Question 19

Snap judgments are often derived from ____________.

A) stereotypes
B) self-fulfilling prophecies
C) primacy effects
D) self-serving bias

Question 20

The best snap judgments come from people whose decisions are based on __________.

A) self-fulfilling prophecies
B) expertise and experience
C) primacy effects
D) confirmation bias

Question 21

Research indicates that in one major city, 1 out of 4 arrested black people were handcuffed, while only 1 in 15 white arrestees received the same treatment. This could be due to what kind of prejudice?

A) Self-fulfilling prophecy
B) Halo effects
C) Primacy effects
D) Implicit bias

Question 22

Your blind date arrived at the restaurant a half hour late, and you were not impressed by the conversation that followed. Your early appraisal colored your subsequent perceptions of her due to the __________ effect.

A) horns
B) halo
C) stranger
D) attribution

Question 23

Shanice knew when she first set eyes on handsome Malcolm that he must be kind and intelligent, a perception most likely influenced by the __________ effect.

A) cognitive
B) primacy
C) horns
D) halo

Question 24

Roommates who get off to a bad start tend to experience a negative spiral. This is likely due to the fact that we cling to first impressions, also known as __________.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) perception checking
C) confirmation bias
D) self-serving bias

Question 25

__________ is the tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions.

A) Self-serving bias
B) Fundamental attribution error
C) Selection
D) Stereotyping

Question 26

Whereas we may evaluate others critically, we tend to judge ourselves more generously. Social scientists use two theories to explain this phenomenon: self-serving bias and __________.

A) fundamental attribution error
B) Primacy effect
C) halo effect
D) expectancy violation

Question 27

When you make a mistake at work, it's because of unclear instructions. When you excel at work, it's because of your skill and talent. This is the result of which perceptual tendency?

A) Fundamental attribution error
B) Perception checking
C) Confirmation bias
D) Self-serving bias

Question 28

The TV show The Voice uses "blind auditions," where an artist performs behind a screen. This is to avoid which of the following perceptual tendencies?

A) Judging ourselves more charitably than we judge others
B) Being influenced by our expectations
C) Assuming others are like us
D) Being influenced by the obvious

Question 29

"When you abruptly hung up on me, I was furious. What were you feeling?" Which component is needed to complete this perception check?

A) A description of the behavior you noticed
B) Two possible interpretations of the behavior
C) A request for clarification about the behavior
D) A statement of empathy

Question 30

"You haven't responded to my last email. I don't know if you're upset with me or if you didn't see my message." Which part would complete this perception check?

A) A description of the behavior you noticed
B) Two possible interpretations of the behavior
C) A request for clarification about the behavior
D) A statement of empathy

Question 31

Perception checking helps save face and __________.

A) clarify meaning
B) prove you were right
C) air your feelings
D) criticize behavior

Question 32

Perception checking has the best chance of working in what type of culture?

A) High-context
B) Low-context
C) High power distance
D) Low power distance

Question 33

What do we call the affective dimension of empathy?

A) Facework
B) Sympathy
C) Emotional contagion
D) The "golden rule"

Question 34

With __________, you view the other person's situation from your point of view. With __________, you view it from the other person's perspective.

A) sympathy; empathy
B) empathy; sympathy
C) analysis; synchronicity
D) synchronicity; analysis

Question 35

The cognitive understanding that requires a suspension of judgment as you take on another's viewpoint is which ingredient of empathy?

A) Concern
B) Emotional contagion
C) Perspective taking
D) Sympathy

Question 36

You are a white person who wants to increase your understanding of the Black Lives Matter movement and develop empathy for its black members. What does research recommend as the best course of action?

A) Research black culture
B) Imagine how black people feel
C) Take the perspective of black people
D) Ask black people how they feel

Question 37

First-order realities are those you consider most important.

Question 38

Research has found that people with cold dispositions have more difficulty interpreting and labeling the emotions of others than people with warm dispositions.

Question 39

Shared narratives should be accurate to be powerful.

Question 40

Everyone has a daily cycle in which all sorts of changes constantly occur, including variations in body temperature, sexual drive, alertness, and tolerance to stress.

Question 41

Social penetration theory is most often applied to the difference between the perspectives of privileged social groups and people who have less power.

Question 42

Research shows that men are generally more perceptive about interpreting others' nonverbal cues.

Question 43

Research suggests that whether they mean to or not, communicators often see the world through a gendered lens-and women are often perceived and treated unfairly.

Question 44

Roommates who had positive initial impressions of each other are likely to have positive subsequent interactions due to confirmation bias.

Question 45

When we perform poorly, we usually blame external forces-and when we perform well, we credit ourselves rather than the situation. This is the fundamental attribution error

Question 46

Perception checking signals an attitude of respect and concern for the other person.

Question 47

A perception check needs three parts to be effective.

Question 48

The straightforward approach of perception checking would have a stronger chance of working in a low-context culture like that of the United States.

Question 49

Perception checking provides enough information to fully understand another person.

Question 50

Which of the 4 steps of perception take place in a person's mind and which do not?

Question 51

Identify 4 types of perceptual schema, cognitive frameworks used to organize perceptions.

Question 52

Explain the relationship between sex, gender, and androgyny.

Question 53

Identify 3 characteristics that distinguish stereotypes from reasonable generalizations.

Question 54

What is implicit bias?

Question 55

Describe the stage of organization in the perception process.

Question 56

Compare and contrast primacy effect, confirmation bias, fundamental attribution error, and self-serving bias.

Question 57

Describe the skill of perception checking and the role it plays in interpersonal communication.