Deck 3: Theories of Deviant Behavior: II Contemporary Perspectives

Question 1

Who are the bourgeoisie?

A) the uneducated masses
B) the owners of the means of production
C) the workers
D) the underclass

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Carol owns several stores, and lives a life of luxury, supported by the rents she is paid by the people using the stores. In Marx's social structure, what class is Carol?

A) working class
B) middle class
C) proletariat
D) bourgeoisie

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the primary difference between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

A) The bourgeoisie do not need to work but the proletariat does.
B) The bourgeoisie are uneducated compared to the proletariat.
C) The proletariat have a secure place in the world but the bourgeoisie do not.
D) The proletariat inherit their wealth but the bourgeoisie must work for a living.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What do the theorist of Thorsten Sellin, Austin Turk, and Richard Quinney have in common?

A) These theories are associated with the conflict perspective.
B) These theories incorporate the concept of a "balance of power."
C) These theories focus primarily on the crimes of the wealthy.
D) These theories focus primarily on victimless crimes.

Question 5

The ______ focuses attention on how the political and economic elite identify certain behaviors as criminal and the inevitability of involvement in criminal activities by the disadvantaged.

A) oppositional culture
B) subculture of violence
C) social reality of crime
D) general strain theory

Question 6

Thio's ______ of deviance suggests that deviance may be viewed along a range of lower to higher consensus acts.

A) power relations concept
B) conflict model
C) power theory
D) social integration model

Question 7

Dr. Griffiths seeks to understand crime and deviance by studying how crime occurs against the background of a patriarchal society. What perspective is she using?

A) functionalist
B) feminist
C) social psychological
D) androcentric

Question 8

How are manifest functions different from latent functions?

A) Latent functions are purposeful, manifest functions are accidental.
B) Latent functions are accepted, manifest functions are rejected.
C) Manifest functions are intended, latent functions are unintended.
D) Manifest functions are not recognized, latent functions are recognized.

Question 9

According to Durkheim, ______ refers to the extent to which individuals are required to follow the guidelines for their behavior established by the group.

A) social integration
B) social regulation
C) cultural consciousness
D) regulated dysfunction

Question 10

Keisha accepts the socially approved goal of attending college in order to achieve the socially approved goal of finding a respectable career. In which category of Anomie Theory does Keisha belong?

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) retreatist
D) rebellion

Question 11

Murphy accepts the socially approved goal of obtaining wealth but is unable to access the educational system that is the traditional path to achieving that goal. Instead, he begins stealing cars to make money. In which category of Anomie Theory does Murphy belong?

A) conformity
B) innovation
C) retreatist
D) ritualist

Question 12

In anomie theory, what category would described White nationalists who seek to overthrow the government of a democratic state founded on the principles of equality for all and replace it with a government dedicated to fostering racial inequality?

A) conformist
B) retreatist
C) ritualist
D) rebellion

Question 13

According to Cloward and Ohlin, where do violent subcultures develop?

A) areas characterized by extreme income disparity
B) areas with a large concentration of elderly
C) areas that lack opportunities for profitable criminal activities
D) large urban areas

Question 14

Richard knows no violent criminals. He is not particularly strong and has no desire to fight anyone. He could not steal a car, and if he did steal a car, he would not know what to do with it. What he does like to do is inject heroin with his friends. According to Cloward and Ohlin, what kind of subculture is Richard a part of?

A) retreatist
B) criminal
C) conflict
D) violent

Question 15

What provides the conceptual foundation of Robert Agnew's strain theory?

A) subcultures
B) class
C) anomie
D) power

Question 16

According to Shaw and McKay, what is the root cause of persistent criminal and deviant behavior in some neighborhoods?

A) Offenders continue offending over the entire life course.
B) Police target specific neighborhoods, giving the appearance of persistent crime.
C) Criminals target specific neighborhoods consistently.
D) Social disorganization is a characteristic of neighborhoods, not individuals.

Question 17

According to Albert Cohen, which two concepts account for delinquency among lower class boys?

A) subcultures and balance of power
B) status frustration and reaction formation
C) toughness and autonomy
D) power and disorganization

Question 18

What is a major implication of Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association?

A) The label "criminal" produces more criminal behavior.
B) The wealthy commit more crime than the impoverished.
C) Socially disorganized neighborhoods are the root cause of crime.
D) Criminal subcultures perpetuate crime.

Question 19

According to ______, the more Jennifer hangs out with a group of people who are comfortable breaking the law, the greater the likelihood that Jennifer will learn how to break the law, how to justify breaking the law, and rationales explaining why the law should be broken.

A) subculture violence theory
B) differential association theory
C) social disorganization theory
D) strain theory

Question 20

Differential association theory suggests that the process of learning criminal behavior ______.

A) is similar to the process of learning noncriminal behavior
B) is radically different from the process of learning noncriminal behavior
C) involves older criminals teaching younger delinquents
D) occurs primarily in jails and prisons

Question 21

According to Sutherland, criminal behavior is ______.

A) socially constructed
B) subjective
C) learned
D) overestimated

Question 22

In Akers's social learning theory, differential association refers to ______.

A) interaction with people who violate the law
B) behaviors for which a reward is granted or anticipated will be repeated
C) behavior that is punished will be discouraged
D) individuals model the admired behavior of others

Question 23

According to Ronald Akers, it is the ______, combined with specific contexts, that encourage or discourage the initial delinquent or deviant acts.

A) frequency of social control
B) quantity of conformist models
C) availability of deviant models
D) anticipated balance of reinforcement

Question 24

What is the social learning approach designed to explain?

A) the process of becoming deviant
B) both the process of becoming deviant and the process of desisting from deviance
C) the process of becoming criminal
D) the process of resisting pressure to become deviant and criminal

Question 25

Kevin's family makes meth. From a young age, Kevin was taught that making methamphetamine wasn't hurting anyone, was rewarded for helping to make methamphetamine, and was not exposed to any consequences for making methamphetamine. Kevin's was home-schooled and was never exposed to any other views on methamphetamine. The social learning approach suggests that Kevin will ______.

A) engage in secondary deviance
B) has created substitutes for socially approved goals
C) persist in making meth
D) join a subculture of violence

Question 26

According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are two conflicting classes that structure society.

Question 27

The proletariat are the owners of the means of production in society.

Question 28

According to Sellin, conduct norms define approved and disapproved behaviors within cultural groups.

Question 29

Austin Turk's conflict model of criminality focuses on the creation and enforcement of informal norms.

Question 30

The functional perspective would argue that deviance persists because it serves a useful purpose and contributes to the stability of society.

Question 31

The terms "latent functions" and "dysfunctions" both refer to phenomena that are recognized by participants in a social system.

Question 32

According to Emile Durkheim, in every society, some form of crime exists.

Question 33

Emile Durkheim is widely regarded as the founding father of modern criminology.

Question 34

The four components of social learning theory are toughness, smartness, excitement, and autonomy.

Question 35

According to differential association theory, criminal subcultures perpetuate criminal and deviant behavior.

Question 36

Unlike other approaches to the study of deviant behavior, the social learning approaches focus exclusively on what causes people to stop being deviant.

Question 37

In the social learning approach, negative formal and informal sanctions and norm-abiding definitions can counter the influence of reinforcement, exposure to deviant models, and norm-violating definitions.

Question 38

The social learning theory emphasizes the influence of socioeconomic status on the norms people learn.

Question 39

Reinforcement, exposure to deviant models, and norm-violating definitions are all components of the social learning approach to deviance.

Question 40

Summarize Sellin's ideas about the relationship between culture, crime, and deviance.

Question 41

Summarize Durkheim's approach to understanding crime and deviance.

Question 42

What is the central argument offered by differential association theory?

Question 43

Paraphrase the ninth proposition in Sutherland's differential association theory.

Question 44

Distinguish between the key components of Aker's social learning approach.

Question 45

Compare and contrast Sellin's approach to understanding crime and Turk's approach to understanding crime.

Question 46

Distinguish between the focal concerns Miller identified in lower-class subcultures.

Question 47

Compare and contrast differential association theory with the social learning approach.

Question 48

Subdivide differential association theory into its component parts.

Question 49

Identify the processes that determine if an individual becomes criminal, according to the social learning approach.