Deck 6: Self-Concept, Identity, Ethnicity, and Gender

Question 1

Which of the following is a definition of self-esteem?

A) It is the sum total of one's self-definitions or self-images.
B) It is one's identity.
C) It is one's conscious perception of him- or herself.
D) It is the value one places on oneself.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

All of the following are included in the six different selves described by Rice and Dolgin EXCEPT:

A) the person you never want to be.
B) the person you believe others think you are.
C) the person you believe others want you to become.
D) the person you want to become.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Juanita is worried that she will become an alcoholic like her mother.This is an example of:

A) an expected self.
B) a feared self.
C) self-esteem.
D) a proprium.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to Strang,which views of the self are influenced by a recent experience or current mood?

A) Transitory self-concept
B) Ideal self
C) Social self
D) Basic self-concept

Question 5

What term refers to the selves we think we will likely be in the future?

A) Expected selves
B) Hoped-for selves
C) Possible selves
D) all of the above

Question 6

All of the following are included in the six different selves described in the textbook EXCEPT:

A) the person others think you are.
B) the person you are.
C) the person you think you are.
D) the person you used to be.

Question 7

According to Strang,all of the following are dimensions of the self EXCEPT:

A) basic self-concept.
B) iconic self.
C) social selves.
D) transitory self-concept.

Question 8

Which statement about the self is FALSE?

A) Identity is more limited in scope than self-concept.
B) Self-concept is often described as a global entity.
C) Identity includes one's long-term goals.
D) Self-concept is an individual's conscious perception and assessment of himself or herself.

Question 9

A hoped-for possible self is most similar to:

A) the proprium.
B) an ideal self.
C) a social self.
D) a transitory self.

Question 10

One's _______ is an individual's conscious perception and assessment of himself or herself.

A) possible self
B) self-esteem
C) self-concept
D) self-worth

Question 11

Allport's idea of the proprium is most similar to the idea of:

A) possible selves.
B) personal identity.
C) self-esteem.
D) the ideal self.

Question 12

Jeff believes his girlfriend thinks he is real cool.This illustrates Strang's:

A) basic self-concept.
B) ideal self.
C) social self.
D) transitory self-concept.

Question 13

According to Allport,all aspects of the personality that make for inward unity comprise the:

A) basic self-concept.
B) social selves.
C) proprium.
D) transitory self-concept.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about possible selves is FALSE?

A) They motivate one's current behavior.
B) Adolescents' possible selves influence their alcohol use.
C) They refer to past, present, and future selves.
D) Adolescents' lack of positive expected selves relates to their antisocial behavior.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a kind of possible self?

A) Hoped-for
B) Feared
C) Expected
D) Basic

Question 16

The value a person places on herself or himself is called:

A) ideal self.
B) self-concept.
C) self-esteem.
D) social self.

Question 17

According to Strang,which view of the self is the kind of person an adolescent would like to be?

A) Transitory self-concept
B) Social self
C) Ideal self
D) Basic self-concept

Question 18

The term that refers to how one feels about oneself is:

A) self.
B) self-esteem.
C) identity.
D) self-concept.

Question 19

Tracy wants most of all to be completely honest.This illustrates Strang's:

A) basic self-concept.
B) ideal self.
C) social self.
D) transitory self-concept.

Question 20

Marilyn thinks that she is an awful student because she just flunked a biology exam.This self-evaluation illustrates Strang's:

A) basic self-concept.
B) ideal self.
C) social self.
D) transitory self-concept.

Question 21

Of the groups of girls listed below,which has been found to base their self-esteem primarily on their academic success?

A) Chinese Americans
B) African Americans
C) Caucasian Americans
D) Puerto Rican Americans

Question 22

Which of the following is closely related to the development of eating disorders?

A) Hoped-for selves
B) Feared selves
C) Perfectionism
D) Proprium

Question 23

Overall,which of the following adolescent groups has the highest self-esteem?

A) Caucasian Americans
B) Asian Americans
C) African Americans
D) Hispanic Americans

Question 24

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Adolescents' loss of self-esteem when parents divorce is usually permanent.
B) Generally, low-SES students have lower self-esteem than high-SES students.
C) Economic hardship generally reduces parents' emotional support.
D) Positive ethnic identity is related to high self-esteem in ethnic minority youth.

Question 25

High self-esteem in adolescents is related to which of the following parenting styles?

A) Authoritarian
B) Permissive-indulgent
C) Traditional
D) Authoritative

Question 26

Which of the following statements about gender and self-esteem is FALSE?

A) Overall, adolescent girls have slightly lower self-esteem than adolescent boys.
B) For adolescent boys more than girls, self-esteem is tied to athletic performance.
C) For adolescent girls more than boys, self-esteem is tied to physical appearance.
D) For adolescent girls more than boys, self-esteem is tied to achievement.

Question 27

What two important constructs have been separated from one another in recent research on delinquency and adolescents' self-worth?

A) Narcissism and self-esteem
B) Hostility and narcissism
C) Self-concept and self-esteem
D) Self-esteem and hostility

Question 28

Of the groups of girls listed below,which has been found to base their self-esteem primarily on their close relationships?

A) Chinese Americans
B) African Americans
C) Caucasian Americans
D) Puerto Rican Americans

Question 29

Nicholas has parents who are warm,take an interest in him,and are strict yet can be flexible at appropriate times.It is most likely that Nicholas will develop:

A) high self-esteem.
B) narcissism.
C) self-defeating strategies.
D) many hoped-for selves.

Question 30

The idea that delinquency is a result of adolescents' low self-esteem is termed:

A) the narcissism theory.
B) the identity diffusion theory.
C) the possible selves hypothesis.
D) the self-enhancement thesis.

Question 31

What is the often-used term for those individuals who have a high level of importance in one's life?

A) Peer groups
B) Social supporters
C) Possible selves
D) Significant others

Question 32

What is the personality trait that pertains to someone who is overly vain and self-absorbed?

A) Narcissism
B) Hysteria
C) Proprium
D) Perfectionism

Question 33

The self-enhancement thesis is the idea that:

A) low-achieving adolescents use self-defeating strategies to explain poor grades.
B) troubled adolescents turn to delinquency to enhance their self-esteem.
C) adolescents with high self-esteem have more positive expected selves.
D) low-SES adolescents need to be taught to generate more ideal selves.

Question 34

Very recent research on adolescent self-worth and delinquency has found a strong relationship between delinquency and:

A) high self-esteem.
B) high levels of narcissism.
C) authoritative parenting.
D) high levels of hoped-for selves.

Question 35

Which schools tend to produce African American students with the highest self-esteem?

A) Schools with predominantly African American students
B) Schools with predominantly Hispanic American students
C) Schools with predominantly Asian American students
D) Schools with about half non-Hispanic White American students and half African American students

Question 36

Carl Rogers pictured the end point of personality development as congruence between:

A) objective reality and one's self-perception.
B) one's self-concept and one's self-ideal.
C) one's self-concept and one's social self.
D) one's self-esteem and one's ideal self.

Question 37

Researchers have found that older adolescent girls who feel close to their mothers see themselves as all of the following EXCEPT:

A) confident.
B) impulsive.
C) reasonable.
D) wise.

Question 38

Which of the following statements about people with low self-esteem is FALSE?

A) They are overly vulnerable to criticism.
B) They experience little role strain.
C) They often fail to stand up for their own rights.
D) They seldom participate in class activities.

Question 39

All of the following have been found to be traits of parents whose adolescents have high self-esteem EXCEPT:

A) flexibility.
B) permissiveness.
C) support.
D) willingness to grant autonomy.

Question 40

According to Rogers,what creates self-acceptance and self-esteem?

A) When an individual possesses multiple self-conceptions.
B) When a person has a large number of hoped-for selves and few feared selves.
C) When there is congruence between one's self-perceptions and objective reality.
D) When there are few transitory self-concepts in one's basic self-concept.

Question 41

According to Erikson,which 17-year-old is most likely to figure out successfully who he or she is?

A) Rudy, who is very self-restrained.
B) Arlo, whose parents have trained him from age five to be a professional baseball player.
C) Deborah, who constantly tries new activities and roles, yet hasn't decided on any of them.
D) Rashmi, who chooses not to initiate new activities.

Question 42

Which of the following factors is NOT related to increased adolescent self-esteem?

A) Having permissive parents
B) Setting high vocational standards
C) Being close to parents
D) Being male

Question 43

The identity status that is based on rejecting parental and social values is called:

A) negative identity.
B) temporary identity.
C) fortress identity.
D) meaningless identity.

Question 44

Negative identity is also known as:

A) reverse diffusion.
B) reverse foreclosure.
C) reverse achievement.
D) reverse moratorium.

Question 45

According to Marcia,identity diffused adolescents are those who have experienced:

A) a crisis and have become committed to an identity.
B) a crisis, but are uncommitted to an identity.
C) no crisis and are uncommitted to an identity.
D) no crisis, but are committed to an identity.

Question 46

Darrell is 13 years old and is always late.He can never figure out how long it's likely to take to do a task or to reach his goals.Erikson would say that Darrell still hasn't solved the conflict between:

A) self-certainty versus self-consciousness.
B) temporal perspective vs. time confusion.
C) role experimentation vs. role fixation.
D) ideological commitment vs. confusion of values.

Question 47

Katie is authoritarian,conformist,and intolerant.Which identity status does she most likely have?

A) Foreclosure
B) Diffusion
C) Moratorium
D) Achievement

Question 48

Anthony drifts from one interest to another and from one interchangeable friendship to another.He's also apathetic about most things.Which identity status does he most likely have?

A) Diffusion
B) Foreclosure
C) Achievement
D) Moratorium

Question 49

Doris's parents are both lawyers and have looked forward to passing that tradition onto their daughter.Doris feels pressure to do what's expected of her,so she applies to law school.Which identity status does she most likely have?

A) Diffusion
B) Foreclosure
C) Achievement
D) Moratorium

Question 50

According to Marcia,a mature identity is achieved when the person has experienced:

A) a crisis and has become committed to an ideology.
B) a crisis, but is uncommitted to an ideology.
C) no crisis and is uncommitted to an ideology.
D) no crisis, but is committed to an ideology.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT among the seven conflicts that Erikson believes adolescents must resolve in order to achieve identity?

A) Apprenticeship vs. work paralysis
B) Role experimentation vs. role fixation
C) Generativity vs. stagnation
D) Temporal perspective vs. time confusion

Question 52

All of the following are among the seven conflicts that Erikson believes adolescents must resolve in order to achieve identity EXCEPT:

A) ideological commitment vs. confusion of values.
B) ego-integrity vs. disgust and despair.
C) leadership and followership vs. authority confusion.
D) sexual polarization vs. bisexual confusion.

Question 53

According to Erikson's idea about the seven conflicts that need to be resolved in order to achieve identity,sexual polarization is:

A) generally unhealthy for identity development.
B) the segregation of males and females in public spaces.
C) the idea that heterosexuality and homosexuality are polar opposites.
D) the idea that males and females need to engage in different social roles.

Question 54

According to Marcia,adolescents in moratorium are those who have experienced:

A) a crisis and have become committed to an identity.
B) a crisis, but are uncommitted to an identity.
C) no crisis and are uncommitted to an identity.
D) no crisis, but are committed to an identity.

Question 55

According to Marcia,foreclosed adolescents are those who have experienced:

A) a crisis and have become committed to an identity.
B) a crisis, but are uncommitted to an identity.
C) no crisis and are uncommitted to an identity.
D) no crisis, but are committed to an identity.

Question 56

One's life story is essentially the same as one's

A) self-esteem.
B) identity.
C) possible selves.
D) moratorium.

Question 57

Which of the following factors tends to be related to decreased adolescent self-esteem?

A) Setting high vocational standards
B) Being close to one's parents
C) Entering middle school
D) all of the above

Question 58

Of the seven conflicts Erikson believed adolescents must resolved in order to achieve identity,which did he refer to as the "search for fidelity"?

A) Leadership and followership vs. authority confusion
B) Ideological commitment vs. confusion of values
C) Role experimentation vs. role fixation
D) Apprenticeship vs. work paralysis

Question 59

Research has found that anxiety about death is higher in individuals with which identity status?

A) Foreclosure
B) Diffusion
C) Moratorium
D) Achievement

Question 60

Which of the following is considered to be the most developmentally unsophisticated identity status?

A) Foreclosure
B) Diffusion
C) Moratorium
D) Achievement

Question 61

Which identity status is most common among college students?

A) Diffusion
B) Foreclosure
C) Achievement
D) Moratorium

Question 62

Burke's identity control system is:

A) concerned with outcome rather than process.
B) only concerned with interpersonal components of identity.
C) concerned with discrepancies between different aspects of identity.
D) mostly concerned with identity moratorium.

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Marcia's four-status model of identity?

A) It focuses on outcome rather than process.
B) It doesn't capture the integration of different parts of the self.
C) Identity statuses don't always develop in the anticipated sequence.
D) It focuses too much on personal continuity.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT one of the variations that has been found in the developmental sequence of identity statuses?

A) Many people enter adolescence in diffusion and some remain there.
B) Many people remain in foreclosure rather than enter moratorium.
C) Moratorium rarely occurs after early adulthood.
D) Some people who attain identity achievement regress to a lower status.

Question 65

Going to college often moves an adolescent from the identity status of ______________ to ______________ .

A) moratorium; foreclosure
B) diffusion; moratorium
C) achievement; moratorium
D) moratorium; diffusion

Question 66

Which is NOT one of the three styles of identity searching,according to Berzonsky's theory?

A) Avoidant
B) Informational
C) Normative
D) Social

Question 67

Individuals in which of the following identity statuses have experienced moratorium?

A) Identity achieved
B) Identity foreclosed
C) Identity diffused
D) all of the above

Question 68

According to Burke's identity control system theory,individuals in which identity status are most likely to ignore feedback if it's not consistent with their existing self-concept?

A) Foreclosure
B) Diffusion
C) Achievement
D) Moratorium

Question 69

In Burke's identity control system,what is the component that matches one's self-perceptions against the standards one has for who he or she wants to be?

A) Self-concept
B) Comparator
C) Identity standards
D) Interpersonal feedback

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT one of the three intrapersonal components of Burke's identity control system?

A) Self-concept
B) Identity standards
C) Comparator
D) Social behavior

Question 71

Wondella has switched her major in college several times,has joined many different organizations,and says that she's not sure what she's going to be in life but is excited to find out.Which identity status does she most likely have?

A) Diffusion
B) Foreclosure
C) Achievement
D) Moratorium

Question 72

All of the following are important variations from Marcia's identity status model EXCEPT:

A) some individuals go through the stages backwards.
B) some who have attained achievement regress to a lower status.
C) some adolescents remain in a diffused state.
D) some adolescents stay entrenched in the foreclosure status.

Question 73

Zeina has a clear sense of the person she should be.This illustrates which component of Burke's identity control system?

A) Self-concept
B) Comparator
C) Identity standards
D) Interpersonal feedback

Question 74

Burke's identity control system includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) status.
B) self-concept.
C) identity standards.
D) a comparator.

Question 75

The percentage of adolescents with identity _______ increases with age.

A) diffusion
B) foreclosure
C) achievement
D) moratorium

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT one of the five components of the identity control system proposed by Burke?

A) Interpersonal feedback
B) Informational style
C) Identity standards
D) Social behavior

Question 77

Jason usually acts as a good,trustworthy friend; however,several friends have recently confronted him about their declining trust in him.According to Burke's theory,a discrepancy now occurs between which two interpersonal components of Jason's identity?

A) Identity standards and comparator
B) Self-concept and interpersonal feedback
C) Identity standards and self-concept
D) Interpersonal feedback and social behavior.

Question 78

According to Burke's identity control system theory,identity foreclosed adolescents put too much emphasis on:

A) identity standards.
B) feedback from significant others.
C) behavior with peers.
D) the comparator.

Question 79

According to Burke's identity control system theory,identity diffused adolescents have yet to develop what component of identity?

A) Identity standards
B) Interpersonal feedback
C) Social behavior
D) Comparator

Question 80

Berzonsky claims that foreclosed adolescents engage in a(an)________ style of identity searching.

A) avoidant
B) informational
C) normative
D) social