Deck 11: White-Collar Crime: Occupational and Corporate

Question 1

Which of the following criminologists is credited with first drawing attention to white-collar crime within the social sciences?

A) Karl Marx
B) Sarbanes Oxley
C) Richard Quinney
D) Edwin Sutherland

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A retail employee overcharges a customer for an item and then pockets the difference. This practice is best identified as a(an) ______ crime.

A) corporate
B) occupational
C) organizational
D) professional

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A company knowingly allows an unsafe product to be sold because it is anticipated to result in a greater profit than pulling the product from the market. This would qualify as ______ crime.

A) corporate
B) cyber
C) occupational
D) professional

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Those who prospered by flagitious [shameful] practices that may not yet come under the ban of public opinion were referred to as ______ by Lombroso and Ross.

A) criminals
B) criminaloids
C) criminalists
D) crime enthusiasts

Question 5

According to

A) power elite
B) criminaloids
C) lower masses
D) celebrities

Question 6

_______ was used by

A) Power morality
B) Higher immorality
C) Power immorality
D) Higher morality

Question 7

Crime that is committed during the course of a legitimate occupation for the benefit of the employee is referred to as ______ crime.

A) occupational
B) corporate
C) organizational
D) individual

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of a crime committed by a person operating on an individual ad hoc basis?

A) embezzlement
B) antitrust violations
C) credit card fraud
D) phony contests

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a crime committed in the course of their occupation and in violation of their duty of loyalty and fidelity to employers or clients?

A) payroll padding
B) income tax violations
C) commercial birbery
D) advance fee swindles

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of a crime that is considered incidential to, and in furtherance of business operations, but not central to the purpose of the business?

A) medical and health fraud
B) bankruptcy fraud
C) antitrust violations
D) payroll padding

Question 11

Which of the following is considered a slang term used to refer to various criminal techniques?

A) con
B) scam
C) scheme
D) bunko

Question 12

Which of the following is considered the first step in a big con?

A) having the victim invest further
B) getting the victim out of the way
C) putting up the mark
D) playing the con

Question 13

Which of the following is considered the last step in a big con?

A) cooling out the mark
B) roping the mark
C) sending the victim after more money
D) putting in the fix

Question 14

______ pay off early investors with money obtained from later investors in a doomed enterprise.

A) Pyramid schemes
B) Religious cons
C) A badger game
D) Ponzi schemes

Question 15

Which of the following resembles the familiar chain letter that asks you to send a dollar to the first name on the list, add your name to the bottom, duplicate four copies of the new list, and recruit four new members to continue the chain?

A) ponzi schemes
B) pyramid schemes
C) religious cons
D) badger games

Question 16

Occupational crime can be controlled by all of the following except ______.

A) professional associations
B) administrative law
C) individuals
D) traditional criminal law

Question 17

______ calls for taking always licenses, seizing illegal goods, and charging fines.

A) Adminsitrative law
B) Traditional criminal law
C) Self-regulation
D) Civil law

Question 18

A(n) ______ is a legal entity that permits a business to make use of capital provided by stockholders.

A) commission
B) corporation
C) independent broker
D) organization

Question 19

If the government appears to have a solid case, which of the following are corporations permitted to plead?

A) guilty by association
B) mala prohibita
C) nolo contendere
D) pilferage

Question 20

Which of the following forbids the formation of monopolies?

A) Clayton Act
B) Federal Trade Act
C) Sarbanes-Oxley Act
D) Sherman Anti-trust Act

Question 21

Which of the following is true regarding regulatory agencies in the United States?

A) They often use criminal penalties and large fines to regulate corporate crime.
B) They often lack sufficient investigative staff.
C) They do well at avoiding conflicts of interest.
D) They have few sanctions available to them for enforcing regulations.

Question 22

Which of the following refers to the agreement of a corporation to stop violating the regulation for which it has been charged?

A) collusion
B) consent decree
C) espionage
D) recall

Question 23

Political corruption by public servants or office holders (public employees) is an example of crimes by ______.

A) employees against individuals
B) employees against employees
C) individuals
D) employees against organizations

Question 24

All of the following, except ______, are examples of crimes incidental to and in furtherance of business operations but not the central purpose of the business.

A) tax violations
B) false weights and measure by retailers
C) padding of payrolls
D) deceptive advertising

Question 25

According to the 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index, which of the following countries ranked number one with a score of 89?

A) Denmark
B) New Zealand
C) Norway
D) Canada

Question 26

Which of the following is used to describe a practice in which auto dealer franchises are required to force accessories and unnecessary sales onto customers to keep their franchise?

A) sweethear contracts
B) coerced crime
C) corporate dumping
D) pyramid schemes

Question 27

When labor officials and negotiators secretly make a deal with management to the disadvantage of workers, it is known as ______.

A) ambulance-chasing
B) a sweetheart contract
C) embezzlement
D) labor fraud

Question 28

______ is the most highly publicized form of workplace violence.

A) Rapes
B) Suicides
C) Murder
D) Assaults

Question 29

Embezzlement classifies as which of the following?

A) professional crime
B) organizational crime
C) occupational crime
D) corporate crime

Question 30

A person in a position of financial trust transfers money from the corporation into a personal account. This is known as ______.

A) corporate crime
B) embezzlement
C) pilferage
D) "pump and dump"

Question 31

Which of the following is a characteristic of embezzelers?

A) most are the elderly
B) most are women
C) most are upper class
D) most lack a criminal history

Question 32

The term quack is usually associated with crime in which profession?

A) medicine
B) insider trading
C) education
D) finance

Question 33

______ entails directing patients to a particular pharmacy.

A) Fee splitting
B) Pink-ponging
C) Steering
D) Gang visits

Question 34

Which of the following involves billing for unnecessary multiple services?

A) gang visits
B) fee splitting
C) steering
D) pink-ponging

Question 35

______ takes place when billing is provided for more expensive unprovided services.

A) Falsifying records
B) Upcoding
C) Pink-ponging
D) Phantom treatments

Question 36

Which of the following occurs when agents, brokers, or company officials who are aware of pending developments make use of this privileged information to buy or sell stocks before the public learns of these events?

A) bribery
B) embezzelement
C) insider trading
D) ponzi schemes

Question 37

One study found that approximately two thirds of Americans tolerate some sort of fraud against ______ and roughly 40% wanted little or no punishment for the accused.

A) bank violations
B) computers
C) insurance companies
D) tax violations

Question 38

Stockholders that collect high commissions by running up sales with unnecessary buy-and-sell orders are guilty of ______.

A) "churning"
B) industrial espionage
C) "kiting"
D) whistle-blowing

Question 39

Short-weighting customers and overcharging for products is known as ______.

A) "churning"
B) "bait and switch"
C) "kiting"
D) "greasy thumb on the scale"

Question 40

Carl is a small merchant who advertised a product that is not available. Yet, he proceeds to push a more expensive product on the customer. The technique he is using is an example of ______.

A) "churning"
B) "bait and switch"
C) "kiting"
D) "greasy thumb on the scale"

Question 41

______ crime is a type of organizational crime committed in free enterprise economies and thus involves criminal activity on behalf of and for the benefit of a private business.

A) Organizational
B) Occupational
C) Corporate
D) Property

Question 42

Production of unsafe products is an example of a crime committed by an ______ against an ______.

A) employee; organization
B) individual (public); employee
C) organization; individual(public)
D) organization; organization

Question 43

The National Consumer Product Safety Commission estimates that 20 million serious injuries and 30,000 deaths a year are caused by ______.

A) "churning"
B) environmental contaminants
C) securities fraud
D) unsafe consumer products

Question 44

Which of the following incidents involved the sale of an unsafe product?

A) Chernobyl
B) The Ford Pinto Case
C) The "Great Electrical Conspiracy"
D) Watergate

Question 45

Which of the following refers to a practice in which corporations sell products overseas that have been deemed unsafe in this country?

A) corporate dumping
B) cracking
C) "greasy thumb on the scale"
D) "pump and dump"

Question 46

According to the authors, which of the following is considered the ultimate and most insidious of crimes?

A) property crime
B) violent crime
C) toxic crime
D) corporate crime

Question 47

Employees who are willing to step forward, usually at great personal sacrifice, to reveal wrongdoing of the part of their employers are guilty of ______.

A) "churning"
B) industrial espionage
C) "kiting"
D) whistle-blowing

Question 48

Which of the following health conditions was caused by cotton mill exposure?

A) black lung
B) brown lung
C) white lung
D) yellow lung

Question 49

Cheating on government contracts is an example of ______.

A) crimes by organizations against employees
B) crimes by organizations/corporations against individuals (the public)
C) crimes by employees against individuals (the public)
D) crimes by organizations (corporations) against corporations

Question 50

All of the following were identified as parallels between the behavior of corporate criminals and that of professional and organized criminals except for ______.

A) they are recidivists
B) violations are not typically widespread
C) offenders do not lose status among their peers or associates
D) businesspeople revel contempt for government regulators, officials, and laws

Question 51

What is the "big dirty secret" regarding white-collar/corporate crime?

A) The criminal justice system is soft on white-collar crime.
B) Most employees steal from their employers.
C) Chase Manhattan Bank did business with the Nazis during the war.
D) IBM claims to have lost $1 billion because of French and Japanese espionage.

Question 52

Convicted white-collar offenders who often do not pay penalties are referred to as ______.

A) "swindlers"
B) "losers"
C) "cheats"
D) "deadbeats"

Question 53

The belief that government should not interfere in business is referred to as ______.

A) antitrust violations
B) commercial bribery
C) laissez faire
D) truth-in-lending

Question 54

Which of the following theories argues that profit at all cost has come to dominate all institutions in modern society?

A) anomie
B) social disorganization
C) routine activities
D) social bonds

Question 55

White-collar crime is crime committed by those within legitimate occupations or organizations.

Question 56

Corporate crime refers to personal violations that take place for self-benefit during the course of a legitimate occupation.

Question 57

C. Wright Mills argues that the power elite run the United States.

Question 58

The cost of traditional crimes far exceeds the cost of white-collar crimes as recorded in official police statistics.

Question 59

Political corruption, bribery, kickbacks, and influence peddling among federal, state, and local political officeholders have been problematic since the very beginnings of the republic.

Question 60

Many white-collar crimes are considered semiprofessional.

Question 61

In the badger game, swindlers pretend to be government investigators seeking the cooperation of the victim to catch a dishonest bank teller.

Question 62

Affinity group fraud involves individuals claiming to be fellow members of the victim's religion, ethnic group, or professional group and claiming to want to help one of their fellow members.

Question 63

The FBI originally was involved in ivestigating and enforcing white-collar crimes such as false purchases, security sales violations, bankruptcy fraud, and antitrust violations.

Question 64

Actions by professional ethics boards can include suspensions, censure, temporary or permanent removal of license and membership.

Question 65

The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first of many regulatory laws passed to control corporate behavior.

Question 66

A plea of no contest to charges is referred to as nolo contendere.

Question 67

Commercial bribery and kickbacks (in which the individual personally benefits) can take place in a variety of ways.

Question 68

A sweetheart contract is an open deal between labor negotiators and management to the disadvantage of the workers.

Question 69

Occupational crimes can only be controlled by certain designated regulatory agencies.

Question 70

"Sweetheart contract" refers to a situation in which a boss provides a promotion to an employee in exchange for sexual acts.

Question 71

Theft from an employer by an employee who has reached a level of trust is referred to as bribery.

Question 72

Unnecessarily moving a patient from one provider to another when only one was treated is referred to as steering.

Question 73

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) forbids the payment of bribes to obtain business contracts.

Question 74

The Ford Pinto case is an example of an occupational crime.

Question 75

The practice whereby corporations sell products overseas that have been deemed unsafe in the United States by the EPA, FDA, or other federal agencies is referred to as corporate dumping.

Question 76

Employees who are willing to step forward, usually at great personal sacrifice, to reveal wrongdoing on the part of their employers are known as whistle-blowers.

Question 77

Wartime trade violations has been a relatively neglected area of investigation by criminologists.

Question 78

In most cases, occupational and corporate offenders lose status among their peers as a result of their illegal behavior.

Question 79

Occupational and corporate offenders generally do not view their activities as criminal.

Question 80

Corporate crime occurs in a vaccum.