Deck 8: Sociological Critical Theories and Integrated Theories

Question 1

Which of the following is characteristic of mainstream criminology?

A) emphasis on criminalization of behavior
B) a consensus worldview
C) a willingness to question the established social order
D) an emphasis on praxis rather than objective analysis

Answer 1

B

Question 2

All of the following were identified as characteristics of mainstream criminology except ______.

A) an emphasis on criminal behavior rather than on the criminalization of behavior
B) a critical, cynical stance with respect to societal institutions
C) a strong pessimism regarding systems status quo
D) the advocation of rehabilitation of offenders

Answer 2

C

Question 3

______ consists of a variety of perspectives that challenge basic assumptions of mainstream criminology.

A) Postmodern
B) Contemporary
C) Critical
D) Mainstream

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All of the following statements pertaining to critical criminology are true except that ______.

A) crime is a label attached to behavior
B) more powerful groups in society control the labeling process to protect their vested interests
C) the consensus model rather than the conflict model explains the criminalization process
D) crime is often a rational response to inequitable conditions in capitalist societies

Question 5

On which concept is the labeling theory based?

A) capitalism
B) symbolic interaction
C) free will
D) empiricism

Question 6

Which theory centers on the argument that individuals are deviant mainly because they have been identified as such by others?

A) radical criminology
B) feminist criminology
C) Marxist criminology
D) labeling theory

Question 7

Which of the following theorists is associated with labeling theory?

A) Delbert Elliott
B) Edwin Lemert
C) Richard Quinney
D) William Chambliss

Question 8

Which of the following terms is used by labeling theory to refer to an agent or official who is concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance?

A) bureaucrat
B) capitalist
C) moral entrepreneur
D) proletariat

Question 9

______ refers to the initial deviant act itself.

A) Primary deviance
B) Moral entrepreneur
C) Secondary deviance
D) Criminal definition

Question 10

All of the following were identified as criticisms of labeling theory by Bohm (1997) except that ______.

A) labeling is not a theory but a sensitizing concept
B) it does not explain primary deviance
C) it ignores individual difference among criminals
D) it has a complex view of the criminalization process

Question 11

Which theorist argues that stigmatizing shaming of offenders makes matters worse and increases crime?

A) Jeffrey Reiman
B) George Vold
C) Delbert Elliott
D) John Braithwaite

Question 12

Braithwaite's shaming theory calls for which of the following?

A) incapacitative shaming
B) rehabilitative shaming
C) reintegrative shaming
D) stigmatizing shaming

Question 13

Which theorist contributed a framework to describe the political nature of criminal law, and how pluralistic conflict shapes the role of law?

A) Jeffrey Reiman
B) John Braithwaite
C) Meda Chesney-Lind
D) Austin Turk

Question 14

All of the following, except ______, were identified by Austin Turk as propositions of the conflict perspective.

A) divergence leads to conflict
B) individuals that are similar in their understandings and commitments
C) human understanding and commitments are dialectical
D) each conflicting party tries to promote his or her own views

Question 15

Which area of thought by W.

A) labeling theory
B) feminist criminology
C) conflict criminology
D) Marxist criminology

Question 16

Which of the following theorists is often referred to as "the founder of black criminology"?

A) William Chambliss
B) W.E.B. Du Bois
C) Freda Adler
D) Carl Klockars

Question 17

The dominance of criminological discourse by writers of European descent and the ignoring of works by those of African descent is referred to as the ______ bias.

A) androcentric
B) Eurocentric
C) angiocentric
D) American

Question 18

Which of the following theories concluded that every step toward economic and social justice is a step that moves us from a system of criminal justice to a system of criminal justice?

A) W. E. B. Du Bois
B) Jeffrey Reiman
C) Richard Quinney
D) William Chambliss

Question 19

______ is an approach that takes the view that criminology has been biased and does not express the female viewpoint.

A) Peacemaking theory
B) Feminist criminology
C) Shaming theory
D) Critical criminology

Question 20

"Androcentric bias" refers to the tendency to ______.

A) adopt the viewpoint of white European descendants, to the detriment of others
B) overemphasize the male experience, while overlooking the experience of females
C) overgeneralize the implications of a particular theory
D) use statistics taken from a group level to describe individual behavior

Question 21

Which of the following refers to the proposal that female crime would increase as women assumed more assertive positions in society?

A) precipitation hypothesis
B) equalization thesis
C) liberation thesis
D) catharsis hypothesis

Question 22

What is the central theme for critical/radical feminists?

A) capitalism
B) patriarchy
C) political conflict
D) victimization

Question 23

"Patriarchy" refers to a society in which ______.

A) women and men have equal status
B) political power is distributed based on wealth
C) capitalism represents the primary social institution
D) males hold a position of power and domination

Question 24

Feminist criminology emphasizes all of the following perspectives except for ______.

A) Marxist
B) critical
C) interactionist
D) mainstream

Question 25

______ feminism is the dominant approach today in feminist criminology.

A) Liberal
B) Radical
C) Critical
D) Socialist

Question 26

Which of the following emphasizes affirmative action?

A) radical feminism
B) critical feminist
C) liberal feminism
D) socialist feminism

Question 27

______ sees capitalism and patriarchy as creating inequality and crime.

A) Radical feminism
B) Critical feminist
C) Liberal feminism
D) Socialist feminism

Question 28

______ views male aggression and control of female sexuality as the basis of patriarchy and the subordination of women.

A) Radical feminism
B) Critical feminist
C) Liberal feminism
D) Socialist feminism

Question 29

New critical criminology includes all of the following perspectives except for ______.

A) left realism
B) peacemaking
C) postmodernism
D) feminist

Question 30

Which of the following is focused on translating radical ideas into realistic social policy?

A) feminist criminology
B) left realism
C) peacemaking
D) postmodernism

Question 31

Which of the following is considered a basic element of left realism?

A) transforms the police service into police force
B) marginalizes offenders
C) uses preemptive deterrence through citizen groups
D) makes maximum use of prisons

Question 32

Which of the following brings together criminology with a transcendental or religious approach as it seeks to mediate conflict, assist victims, and reintegrate offenders into the community?

A) feminist criminology
B) left realism
C) peacemaking
D) postmodernism

Question 33

Which of the following approaches is known for examining how knowledge is constituted, the significance of language and signs, and how metaphors and concepts shape the context where crime occurs?

A) feminist criminology
B) left realism
C) peacemaking
D) postmodernism

Question 34

Which of the following names capitalism and inequality as being at the root of crime?

A) feminist criminology
B) left realism
C) Marxist criminology
D) postmodernism

Question 35

Delbert Elliott's integrative theory combined all of the following theories except for ______.

A) anomie
B) social process
C) social control
D) learning

Question 36

According to Elliott's study, which of the following theories was considered the most predictive?

A) social learning
B) social bonds
C) social process
D) social control

Question 37

Which of the following theories attempts to combine social structure, social control, and social learning theories?

A) integrative theory
B) interactional theory
C) routine activities theory
D) social process theory

Question 38

Criminal typologies are ways of classifying crimes and criminals that are ______.

A) undisputedly useful in helping us understand crime
B) useful in helping us make sense of crime, though this risks oversimplifying matters
C) useful in scientifically classifying crimes but have been recognized as poor tools for education
D) no longer used owing to their weaknesses

Question 39

Schafer's life trend typology of criminals includes all of the following except for ______ criminals.

A) occasional
B) born
C) abnormal
D) convictional

Question 40

All of the following are characteristics of acute criminals except ______.

A) situational
B) neurotic
C) associational
D) accidental

Question 41

All of the following were identified by Clinard and Quinney as types of criminal behavior except for ______ crime.

A) political
B) non-violent
C) conventional
D) professional

Question 42

A typology of crimes that looks at identification with crime, societal reaction, and group involvement are referred to as ______.

A) theoretical ranges
B) global fallacies
C) criminal behavior systems
D) dualistic fallacies

Question 43

Which of the following refers to the attempt to apply specific theoretical explanations to all types of crime?

A) dualistic fallacy
B) ecological fallacy
C) global fallacy
D) radicalist fallacy

Question 44

Critical criminology is consistent with a consensus worldview.

Question 45

In mainstream criminology, the emphasis had been on the criminal rather than on the social control machinery.

Question 46

Critical criminology focuses more on the criminal behavior than on the criminalization of behavior.

Question 47

Critical criminology consists of a variety of perspectives that challenge basic assumptions of mainstream criminology.

Question 48

Critical criminologists see themselves as champions of the underdog and sometimes as prophets of a new social order.

Question 49

A major premise of critical theory is that it emphasizes economic, racial, and sexual inequality.

Question 50

Labeling theory holds that "deviance" is inherent in the act itself, rather than the reaction and label attached to the actor.

Question 51

Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the subjective and interactional nature of human experiences.

Question 52

Labeling theory says that individuals are deviant mainly because they have been labeled as deviant by social control agencies and others.

Question 53

According to labeling theory, all acts are intrinsically criminally.

Question 54

The act of committing the crime begins the labeling process.

Question 55

Primary deviance refers to the initial deviant act itself.

Question 56

Deviance entrepreneurs are agents or officials who are concerned with creating and labeling new categories of deviance in order to expand the social control function of their organization.

Question 57

In his shaming theory, Braithwaite argues that increasing the stigmatization of offenders will be effective in deterring crime.

Question 58

According to shaming theory, offenders are made to feel humiliation owing to their transgressions.

Question 59

The pluralistic conflict approach assumes that different class, racial, ethnic, and subculturally distinct interest groups vie for political dominance.

Question 60

Austin Turk has been one of the more persistent advocates of conflict criminology.

Question 61

The androcentric bias refers to the dominance of criminological discourse by writers of European descent and the ignoring of works by those of African descent.

Question 62

The liberation thesis claims that as women assumed more assertive positions in society, they would participate in more previously "masculine" activities including crime; however, little support has been found.

Question 63

Feminists criticize traditional criminology for its androcentric bias.

Question 64

Patriarchy refers to an economic-based hierarchy of power present in most capitalist societies.

Question 65

Meda Chesney-Lind gave voice to the study of female criminality, enhancing the status of such research.

Question 66

Feminist criminology comes in a variety of forms but shares in common the general theme that "malestream" approaches to criminology express a Eurocentric bias.

Question 67

Radical feminists argue that liberal feminists understated the role of patriarchy (male dominance) and its ability to continue to control and victimize women.

Question 68

Liberal feminism is the dominant approach today in feminist criminology.

Question 69

New critical criminology views the causes of crime owing to class, ethnic, and patriarchal relations endemic in society.

Question 70

Left realists accept the reality of street crime and do not view it as a sort of revolutionary activity of the oppressed.

Question 71

Programs such as restorative justice fit with the peacemaking theme.

Question 72

Radical "Marxist" criminology views crime as a result of socialism, with criminal law representing the interests of the ruling class.

Question 73

Marxist criminologists often reject the positivistic tradition of analyzing crime causation through objective and empirical analysis.

Question 74

Lee, Zang, and Hoover combined routine activities theory with social disorganization theory in profiling weapons used in domestic violence incidents.

Question 75

Criminal typologies represent one of the oldest theoretical and practical approaches to crime.

Question 76

Theoretical range refers to the units of analysis and level of explanation that may be sought in a particular theory.

Question 77

The global fallacy refers to the tendency to attempt to generalize relatively specific explanations to all types of crime.

Question 78

Identify the four characteristics of critical criminology.

Question 79

Identify Schrag's basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Question 80

Identify two criticisms of labeling theory.