Deck 6: Biological and Psychological Theories

Question 1

Which of the following types of explanations is the classical school known to have rejected?

A) demonological
B) ecological
C) economical
D) deterrent

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The use of empirical (quantitative) or scientific investigation for the improvement of society is most characteristic of ______.

A) classicalism
B) demonology
C) Marxism
D) positivism

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The basic premises of positivism include all of the following except ______.

A) quantification
B) neutrality
C) determinism
D) speculation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Positivist criminology is largely centered on ______.

A) socialism
B) speculation
C) empirical research
D) theological doctrine

Question 5

In which of the following philosophies did positivists believe?

A) deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) rehabilitation
D) retribution

Question 6

All of the following were identified as elements of the positivistic approach EXCEPT ______.

A) the application of the scientific method
B) discovery and diagnoses of pathology that underlies the criminal's actions
C) punishment, either jail or prison
D) treatment

Question 7

Which of the following refers to the study of the size and shape of the skull to determine a person's intelligence and personality?

A) physiognomy
B) palmistry
C) atavism
D) phrenology

Question 8

Which of the following has been used to predict human behavior by studying the alignment of the stars?

A) phrenology
B) physiognomy
C) palmistry
D) astrology

Question 9

Which of the following involves measuring facial and other characteristics as indicative of human personality?

A) phrenology
B) physiognomy
C) palmistry
D) astrology

Question 10

Which of the following seeks to analyze a person's character and future?

A) phrenology
B) physiognomy
C) palmistry
D) astrology

Question 11

The most important figure in biological positivism was ______.

A) Cesare Lombroso
B) William Sheldon
C) Cesare Beccaria
D) Robert Dugsdale

Question 12

Enrico Ferri's saturation theory of crime refers to the idea that ______.

A) eventually society will need to revert to the practice of exile to handle its criminal population
B) crime expands to fit the amount of control machinery assigned to it
C) society will not let the crime rate exceed beyond a certain point
D) natural forces prevent the crime rate from exceeding a certain rate within society

Question 13

A number of physical characteristics, including heavy jaw and cheekbones, eye defects, large or small ears, and a strange shaped nose are indicative of ______.

A) physical stigmata
B) somatotype
C) physiognomy
D) XYY syndrome

Question 14

The theory that criminals are born as such, and that they are "throwbacks" to an earlier and more primitive evolutionary period, is known as ______.

A) atavism
B) eugenics
C) neobiological positivism
D) somatotype theory

Question 15

In biological positivism, the idea that "survival of the fittest" is applicable to human society is known as ______.

A) every man for himself
B) the r/K continuum theory
C) social Darwinism
D) survival theory

Question 16

All of the following are considered major themes/concepts of biological positivism except ______.

A) mental deficiency
B) physical inferiority
C) extroversion
D) feeblemindedness

Question 17

Cesare Lombroso was one of the first criminologists to address ______.

A) women and crime
B) juveniles and crime
C) deterrent philosophy
D) classicism and crime

Question 18

Which of the following statements best describes Lombroso and Ferrero's description of female offenders?

A) Women are considered to be superior to men.
B) Women were less passive aggressive.
C) Women who commit crime are seen as more masculine.
D) Women are prone to more crime.

Question 19

All of the following types of criminals were proposed by Ferri except the______ type.

A) lifetime
B) born
C) occasional
D) insane

Question 20

Charles Goring, in his study on English convicts, found all of the following to be true except that ______.

A) criminals were generally shorter
B) criminals usually weighed less
C) criminals were considered to be mentally defective
D) criminals were more likely to come from the working class

Question 21

Goring's belief that criminals were mentally defective is referred to as ______.

A) atavism
B) psychometry
C) feeblemindedness
D) inferiority

Question 22

In his book The Jukes, author Robert Dugsdale concluded that crime is ______.

A) attributable to feeble-mindedness
B) hereditary
C) linked to physical inferiority
D) rooted in atavism

Question 23

The movement to control degenerates through sterilization, euthanasia, and cutbacks in welfare is known as the ______.

A) Goddard approach
B) law of criminal saturation
C) eugenics movement
D) social Darwinist movement

Question 24

Which theorist is known for suggesting that physical inferiority is the cause of criminality?

A) Charles Goring
B) Ernest Hooton
C) Henry Goddard
D) Robert Dugsdale

Question 25

All of the following are characteristics of Earnest Hooton's damned except ______.

A) tattooing
B) body hair
C) curly hair
D) thin lips

Question 26

Earnest Hooton viewed ______ as a solution to his predicted decline in civilization.

A) reproduction
B) mixed breeding
C) politics
D) eugenics

Question 27

Which somatotype did Sheldon (1940) propose as linked to criminal behavior?

A) ectomorph
B) mesomorph
C) mendomorph
D) endomorph

Question 28

______ have soft, round, plump physiques and tend to be relaxed, easygoing, and extroverted.

A) Ectomorphs
B) Mesomorphs
C) Mendomorphs
D) Endomorphs

Question 29

______ are thin, fragile of form, introverted, sensitive, and subject to worrying.

A) Ectomorphs
B) Mesomorphs
C) Mendomorphs
D) Endomorphs

Question 30

All of the following problems associated with early biological theories are true except ______.

A) most studies reflect the dualistic fallacy
B) not all biological differences are inherited
C) most analyses are plagued by weak operationalization
D) many of these studies are based on large samples

Question 31

Social Darwinism borrowed portions from the ______ theory?

A) ecological
B) evolutionary
C) deterrence
D) demonological

Question 32

The tendency to assume the mutual exclusivity of criminals (defined as prisoners) and noncriminals (defined as nonprisoners) is known as ______.

A) the Durham decision
B) the dualistic fallacy
C) monozygotic concordance
D) psychometry

Question 33

The most common form of treatment for brain disorders in the contemporary United States is ______.

A) drug treatment
B) the frontal lobotomy
C) psychometry
D) psychotherapy

Question 34

If a person had a medical procedure in the 1940s to alter his or her brain tissue to alter his/her behavior, this would be referred to as ______.

A) phrenology
B) psychometry
C) psychosurgery
D) physiognomy

Question 35

Which of the following was used on a selective basis with consenting patients after other treatments were exhausted?

A) psychometry
B) psychosurgery
C) lobotomy
D) cingulotomy

Question 36

"Twin studies" are performed to ______.

A) check the accuracy of the original study through duplication
B) investigate the claim that twins are less likely to commit crime than the general population
C) investigate the claim that twins are more likely to commit crime than only children
D) investigate the extent of influence that environmental and genetic factors have on crime

Question 37

The "XYY syndrome" refers to the belief that men with an extra "Y" chromosome are ______.

A) immune to criminogenic influences
B) more likely to go into the field of law enforcement
C) predisposed to involvement in property crimes such as vandalism and theft
D) predisposed to violent and aggressive behavior

Question 38

Which of the following defenses emerged in the early 1980s when two women had their murder charges reduced to manslaughter?

A) insanity
B) hypoglycemia
C) PMS
D) self-defense

Question 39

Which of the following theories claims that some males have been naturally selected to make lower parental investment than women by seeking numerous partners?

A) ecological
B) cheater
C) dualistic fallacy
D) economy

Question 40

Biological mechanisms that affect gene expression are referred to as ______.

A) eugenics
B) epigenetics
C) gene-environment interactions
D) somatotypes

Question 41

______ is the single most important trait in distinguishing violence in individuals.

A) Gender
B) Age
C) Education
D) Socioeconomic status

Question 42

While our more primitive brain networks are inherited at birth, higher development depends on environmental developments after birth. Which field of study seeks to understand this brain development?

A) evolutionary psychology
B) behavioral genetics
C) psychological theories
D) neurosciences

Question 43

According to Freudian theory, which of the following is the socialized part of the personality, developed to function and gain acceptance in human society?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) unconsciousness

Question 44

The field that seeks to measure psychological and mental differences between criminals and noncriminals is known as ______.

A) astrology
B) psychometry
C) palmistry
D) psychology

Question 45

Which of the following approaches to child-rearing attempts to encourage positive behavior through the application of pleasure and pain?

A) Social Darwinism
B) social learning theory
C) behavioral modification
D) psychosurgery

Question 46

Which of the following theorists claims that the extroverted (outgoing) personality is more delinquent or criminal than the introverted (inhibited) personality?

A) Albert Bandura
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Goddard
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 47

The idea that we learn by observing others is attributable to ______.

A) Albert Bandura
B) B.F. Skinner
C) Hans Eysenck
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 48

After observing other children fighting on the playground, a young boy begins to pick a fight with one of his classmates. This scenario is most closely an example of ______.

A) feeblemindedness
B) social learning theory
C) operant conditioning
D) criminal personality

Question 49

Which of the following theorists suggested the existence of a "criminal personality?"

A) Albert Bandura
B) Hans Eysenck and
C) Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 50

Positivistic theory is often criticized as being philosophical and speculative, and lacking an empirical orientation.

Question 51

Positivism is scientific or quantitative approach to criminology that searches for pathology, uses the scientific method, and suggests therapy.

Question 52

Astrology had been used to predict human behavior by studying the alignment of the stars.

Question 53

The study of facial features and other body characteristics to gain sight into human personality is referred to as physiognomy.

Question 54

Phrenology attempted to determine intelligence and personality on the basis of the size and shape of the skull and posited that certain areas of the brain corresponded to various psychological and intellectual characteristics.

Question 55

The belief that criminals represent genetic "throwbacks to the ape" or earlier, more primitive humanity is referred to as palmistry.

Question 56

Biological positivism theories that propose that crime is caused by inherited genetic and other biological causes.

Question 57

Social Darwinism claimed that there is a survival of the fittest among human beings and social institutions.

Question 58

Lombroso's theory that criminals could be denoted on the basis of their facial appearance is referred to as phrenology.

Question 59

In Charles Goring's famous study in The English Convict, the author disputes the connection between heredity and crime.

Question 60

Henry Goddard was the first to use the term moron.

Question 61

Eugenics is also referred to as scientific breeding.

Question 62

Body types as described by Sheldon-endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs-are referred to as somatotypes.

Question 63

Not all biological differences are inherited as many may be owing to the prenatal environment, injury, and inadequate diet.

Question 64

The nature versus nurture debate questions whether criminality is explained by one's environment (nature) or genetics (nurture).

Question 65

The nature versus nurture controversy an attempt to examine whether crime is inherited or learned.

Question 66

The surgical removal of the frontal lobes of the brain is referred to as a lobotomy.

Question 67

Behaviors that are linked to crime have also been found to be rooted in genetics.

Question 68

Hyperactivity, conduct disorder, and ADHD all have genetic ties.

Question 69

Similar behavior in identical twins is known as monozygotic concordance.

Question 70

Variables such as diet, environmental pollution, endocrine imbalance, and allergies have been claimed to have criminogenic influence.

Question 71

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) also has been claimed to be linked to impaired brain function and violent crime.

Question 72

Cortisol has also been implicated in criminal behavior.

Question 73

There is a strong relationship between mental disorders and crime and delinquency.

Question 74

Some researchers argue that human females may have evolved superior inhibitory capabilities in the aggression domain.

Question 75

The superego was identified by Freud as the mediator, or "referee," which works to balance the desires of the id and the controls of the ego.

Question 76

Psychometry refers to a procedure in which parts of the frontal lobes of the brain are destroyed to alter behavior.

Question 77

Behavioral modification attempts to encourage positive behavior through the application of pleasure and pain.

Question 78

Modern advocates of the relationship between IQ and delinquency believe that one's IQ is both inherited and acquired over time.

Question 79

According to some scholars, IQ is a better predictor of delinquency that is the mother's social class among Caucasian boys.

Question 80

The earliest insanity ruling is commonly referred to as the right/wrong test.