Deck 4: What Is Victimology

Question 1

All of the following statements regarding victimology are true except ______.

A) victimology is the study of victims
B) victimology includes the study of what criminals do and why they do it
C) victimologists use the scientific method to answer questions about victims
D) victimology is a science

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the most commonly reported victimization according to NCVS?

A) rape
B) theft
C) simple assault
D) aggravated assault

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following crimes were more likely to be experienced as compared to violent crimes?

A) property crimes
B) status offenses
C) murder
D) aggravated assault

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In 2016, the most common type of property crime experienced was ______.

A) arson
B) theft
C) vandalism
D) larceny

Question 5

All of the following statements pertaining to the gender gap are true except that ______.

A) females are more likely than males to be victimized by an intimate partner
B) one difference between male and female victims is who offends against them
C) males and females have different rates of violent victimization
D) females have an increased risk of experiencing rape and sexual assault compared to males

Question 6

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), those who reported being ______ had the highest violent victimization rates.

A) Hispanic
B) Asian American
C) African American
D) multi-racial

Question 7

According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), in 2016, ______ were more likely to be victimized than Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders.

A) African Americans
B) Hispanics
C) Native Americans
D) Caucasians

Question 8

Individuals within the ______ age range have the highest violent victimization rate.

A) 0 to 11
B) 12 to 34
C) 35 to 64
D) 65 and older

Question 9

______ can result from property losses, time lost from work, pain and suffering, and legal fees.

A) Political costs
B) Economic costs
C) Social costs
D) Cultural costs

Question 10

The typical property crime is ______.

A) arson
B) larceny-theft
C) robbery
D) vandalism

Question 11

Which of the following crimes is associated with substantial medical costs for victims?

A) car accidents
B) arson
C) gun violence
D) robberies

Question 12

Which of the following types of victimizations result in some of the largest mental health care costs for victims?

A) robbery
B) aggravated assault
C) arson
D) rape and sexual assault

Question 13

Which of the following is the most difficult cost to quantify for victims?

A) system costs
B) mental health costs
C) pain and suffering
D) loss of productivity

Question 14

For youth, ______ is common after victimization from their peers, such as being bullied.

A) reduction in self-esteem
B) depression
C) anxiety
D) PTSD

Question 15

All of the following are common affective responses that victims experience after a crime except ______.

A) depression
B) low self-esteem
C) anxiety
D) difficulty sleeping

Question 16

Commonly associated with individuals returning from war and combat, which of the following is considered a psychiatric condition that has recently been recognized as a possible consequence of other traumatic events?

A) suicide
B) PTSD
C) anxiety
D) depression

Question 17

To be diagnosed with ______, a victim must have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event.

A) schizophrenia
B) posttraumatic stress disorder
C) anxiety
D) depression

Question 18

Which of the following occurs when a person ascribes blame to a nonmodifiable source such as one's character?

A) learned helplessness
B) behavioral self-blame
C) characterological self-blame
D) defensive maneuver

Question 19

Females have an overarching fear of ______.

A) simple assault
B) aggravated assault
C) sexual assault
D) domestic assault

Question 20

Fear is a(n) ______ response to a(n) ______ threat.

A) emotional; perceived
B) rational; perceived
C) emotional; actual
D) rational; actual

Question 21

Restrictions that people place on their behavior to protect themselves from harm, such as staying home at night are referred to as ______ behaviors.

A) mental
B) avoidance
C) defensive
D) protective

Question 22

Purchasing a gun is an example of a(n) ______ behavior.

A) mental
B) avoidance
C) fearful
D) protective

Question 23

Staying at home on a Friday night is an example of ______ behaviors.

A) mental
B) avoidance
C) fearful
D) protective

Question 24

Victim ______ occurs when a person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act.

A) responsibility
B) precipitation
C) facilitation
D) provocation

Question 25

An individual is shot while trying to break into a home. This is an example of victim ______.

A) provocation
B) facilitation
C) precipitation
D) responsibility

Question 26

The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization is referred to as victim ______.

A) responsibility
B) provocation
C) precipitation
D) facilitation

Question 27

Victim ______ is rooted in the notion that although some victims are not responsible at all for their victimization, other victims are, in fact, responsible for being victimized.

A) responsibility
B) provocation
C) precipitation
D) facilitation

Question 28

Victim ______ occurs when a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime.

A) responsibility
B) provocation
C) precipitation
D) facilitation

Question 29

Victim ______ suggests that that without the victim, the crime would not have occurred.

A) responsibility
B) provocation
C) precipitation
D) facilitation

Question 30

Victim ______ helps one understand, without connoting blame, why one person may be victimized over another.

A) responsibility
B) provocation
C) precipitation
D) facilitation

Question 31

In his book The Criminal and His Victim: Studies in the Sociobiology of Crime, which of the following individuals recognized the importance of investigating what factors underpinned why certain people are victims, just as criminology attempts to identify those factors that produce criminality?

A) Mendelsohn
B) Schafer
C) von Hentig
D) Amir

Question 32

Hans von Hentig argued that crime could be placed into categories. All of the following were identified by Hans Von Hentig except for ______.

A) young
B) dull normals
C) males
D) minorities

Question 33

The ______ victims may be victimized because they do not recognize or appropriately respond to threats in their environment.

A) acquisitive
B) mentally defective/deranged
C) dull normals
D) tormentors

Question 34

A person who provokes her own victimization via violence and aggression toward others is referred to as ______.

A) a minority
B) a wanton
C) an immigrant
D) a tormentor

Question 35

All of the following are likely victimized owing to their social status and inability to activate assistance in the community except ______.

A) immigrants
B) minorities
C) wantons
D) dull normals

Question 36

The person known as the father of victimology was ______.

A) Hans Von Hentig
B) Mendelsohn
C) Schafer
D) Wolfgang

Question 37

______ classified victims based on their culpability.

A) Hans Von Hentig
B) Mendelsohn
C) Schafer
D) Wolfgang

Question 38

Criminologists refer to an individual who inadvertently places his or herself in harm's way as ______.

A) a completely innocent victim
B) a victim with minor guilt
C) a victim more guilty than the offender
D) the most guilty victim

Question 39

Criminologists refer to an individual who has been victimized during the perpetration of a crime as a ______.

A) a completely innocent victim
B) a victim as guilty as the offender
C) the most guilty victim
D) the imaginary victim

Question 40

Criminologists refer to an individual who fabricates a victimization event as ______.

A) a completely innocent victim
B) a victim as guilty as the offender
C) the most guilty victim
D) the imaginary victim

Question 41

According to Stephen Schafer (1968), all of the following were classified as having no responsibility except ______ victims.

A) unrelated
B) biologically weak
C) socially weak
D) provocative

Question 42

The first individual to empirically investigate victim precipitation was ______.

A) von Hentig
B) Mendelsohn
C) Schafer
D) Wolfgang

Question 43

Which of the following, according to Wolfgang, is NOT a factor of victim-precipitated homicide?

A) the victim and offender knew each other
B) the victim's likely history of violent offenses
C) alcohol
D) the incident began as a major altercation

Question 44

The means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded so that victimization is prevented from occurring is referred to as ______.

A) suitable victim
B) suitable target
C) motivated offender
D) capable guardianship

Question 45

The premise of routine activities theory includes three elements that must be present for a crime to occur. All of the following are considered those elements except for ______.

A) suitable target
B) motivated offender
C) presence of durable goods
D) capable guardian

Question 46

The more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely it is the person will be victimized; this is referred to as ______.

A) the principle of homogamy
B) victim precipitation
C) the principle of victimization
D) victim provocation

Question 47

All of the following were identified as factors of the Routine Activities Theory except for ______.

A) suitable victim
B) motivated offender
C) capable guardianship
D) suitable target

Question 48

The statement "neighborhoods that have a large percentage of female-headed households have higher rates of theft and violent victimization" is an example of ______.

A) hot spots
B) family structure
C) structural density
D) residential mobility

Question 49

______, or the percentage of persons 5 and older living in a different house from 5 years before, can predict victimization.

A) Residential mobility
B) Structural density
C) Hot spots
D) Family structure

Question 50

A common right provided to victims through the criminal justice system is the right to be treated fairly in a way that preserves their ______.

A) dignity and respect
B) protection
C) rate of reimbursement for harm done
D) right to a speedy trial of the perpetrator

Question 51

All of the following victims are eligible for compensation from the crime victims' fund except ______.

A) rape or child sexual abuse
B) domestic violence
C) drunk driving
D) vehicle theft

Question 52

Victim impact statements can be given by ______.

A) only the victim
B) the victim or a family member
C) anyone that saw the victimization
D) anyone that heard about the victimization

Question 53

Which of the following is designed to provide victims a chance to meet their offenders in a structured environment?

A) victim/witness assistance programs
B) victim compensation
C) family justice centers
D) victim-offender mediation programs

Question 54

Victimology uses the scientific method to answer questions about victims

Question 55

Victimology is a science.

Question 56

Males are more likely to be victimized; however, this gender gap is becoming less evident.

Question 57

One difference between male and female victims is the amount of violence in the crime against them.

Question 58

Persons of certain races or ethnic groups are at a lower risk of experiencing violent victimizations than others.

Question 59

Households earning more than $75,000 per year are more likely to experience victimization than those that earn less than $7,500.

Question 60

Persons who are young face the greatest risk of becoming a victim of violent crime.

Question 61

Generally, the risk of violent victimization declines as people age.

Question 62

The greater the number of people in the household, the lower the property victimization rate.

Question 63

Victimization can be a public health issue.

Question 64

Political costs of victimization include those experienced by the victim and those the public incurs.

Question 65

Crime victims often experience tangible losses in terms of having their property damaged or taken.

Question 66

Most individuals would rather take a property loss as compared to physical bodily harm.

Question 67

System costs associated with victimization are distributed equally in society.

Question 68

To be diagnosed with PTSD, the symptoms must be experienced for more than 1 month and must cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other functional areas.

Question 69

One of the recognized disorders associated with a patterned response to trauma, such as victimization, is referred to as mental illness.

Question 70

Characterological self-blame involves believing that victimization is deserved.

Question 71

Learned helplessness does not by itself explain victimization.

Question 72

Behavioral self-blame occurs when a person ascribes blame to a nonmodifiable source such as one's character.

Question 73

Characterological self-blame occurs when a person ascribes blame to a modifiable source.

Question 74

Behaviors that guard against victimization, such as purchasing a weapon, are referred to as defensive or protective behaviors.

Question 75

Restrictions that people place on their own behaviors to protect themselves from harm are referred to as defensive behaviors.

Question 76

When a person ascribes blame to a nonmodifiable source, such as his or her character, it is referred to as behavioral self-blame.

Question 77

An example of an avoidance behavior is staying home at night.

Question 78

Victim provocation occurs when a person actually does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act.

Question 79

The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization is referred to as victim precipitation.

Question 80

Mendelsohn's classification emphasized degrees of predictability.