Deck 13: Work and Vocation

Question 1

Which of Ginzberg's stages generally takes place up to age 11?

A) Enterprising
B) Fantasy
C) Realistic
D) Tentative

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Nineteen-year-old Ahmed has narrowed down his career choices to being a nurse or a lab technician.He is most likely in Ginzberg's ________ period.

A) capacities
B) exploration
C) specification
D) crystallization

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Five-year-old Jack wants to be a fireman because they wear great uniforms.He is in Ginzberg's ________ stage.

A) enterprising
B) fantasy
C) realistic
D) tentative

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the text,when are individuals most vulnerable to the effects of chance on their vocational development?

A) During late adolescence
B) After the specification period
C) When parents are middle-SES
D) During life transitions

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the three types of influences on vocational development that are discussed in the text?

A) Normative, historical-cohort influences
B) Nonnormative, chance-related influences
C) Nonnormative, life-event influences
D) Normative, age-graded influences

Question 6

Fourteen-year-old Dora just found out that if she wants to be a teacher,she will have to take a four-year college program.She is in Ginzberg's _________ period.

A) interest
B) capacities
C) value
D) transition

Question 7

According to Chiu,high career aspirations are:

A) a consequence of high self-esteem.
B) a contributor to superior self-images.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 8

Nineteen-year-old Ahmed has narrowed down his career choices to being a nurse or a lab technician.He is most likely in Ginzberg's ________ stage.

A) enterprising
B) fantasy
C) realistic
D) tentative

Question 9

Gottfredson's theory defines circumscription as:

A) limiting one's aspirations to acceptable choices.
B) basing one's career choice on parental advice.
C) studying the results of vocational tests.
D) all of the above

Question 10

All of the following are stages in Ginzberg's theory of vocational development EXCEPT:

A) enterprising.
B) fantasy.
C) realistic.
D) tentative.

Question 11

Gottfredson proposed that career development involves:

A) fantasy and circumscription.
B) circumscription and compromise.
C) compromise and enterprise.
D) enterprise and circumscription.

Question 12

All of the following are substages of Ginzberg's realistic stage EXCEPT:

A) adjudication.
B) crystallization.
C) exploration.
D) specification.

Question 13

Research on Ginzberg's theory indicates that transition to realism applies to:

A) both boys and girls.
B) boys but not girls.
C) girls but not boys.
D) neither boys nor girls.

Question 14

Fourteen-year-old Dora just found out that if she wants to be a teacher,she will have to take a four-year college course.She is in Ginzberg's ________ stage.

A) enterprising
B) fantasy
C) realistic
D) tentative

Question 15

Research on Ginzberg's theory finds the least support for the:

A) ages attached to the stages.
B) broad outline of the theory.
C) different stages.
D) sequence of stages.

Question 16

Ginzberg's vocational development theory is called the:

A) compromise with reality theory.
B) occupational environment theory.
C) personality-matching theory.
D) social-cognitive theory.

Question 17

Which of Ginzberg's stages takes place from age 17 on?

A) Enterprising
B) Fantasy
C) Realistic
D) Tentative

Question 18

Which of Ginzberg's stages takes place between 11 and 17?

A) Enterprising
B) Fantasy
C) Realistic
D) Tentative

Question 19

According to Gottfredson's theory,adolescents typically make what kind of compromises?

A) Fantasy-based
B) Contextualized
C) Anticipatory
D) Realistic

Question 20

All of the following are substages of Ginzberg's tentative stage EXCEPT:

A) capacities period.
B) enterprising period.
C) interest period.
D) value period.

Question 21

According to Holland's vocational theory,people select occupations that:

A) afford the level of prestige they want.
B) are compatible with their personality types.
C) are consistent with the values in which they believe.
D) have the best salaries they can find.

Question 22

Holland's theory is called the _____________ theory.

A) compromise with reality
B) sequential elimination
C) occupational environment
D) social-cognitive

Question 23

Lola is organized and enjoys working with numbers.According to Holland,what is Lola's personality type?

A) Investigative
B) Realistic
C) Enterprising
D) Conventional

Question 24

Parents tend to influence their adolescents' choice of vocation in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) becoming role models.
B) bequeathing the business to them.
C) providing apprenticeship training.
D) using a permissive parenting style.

Question 25

Parnam is a practical,hands-on person who enjoys working with machinery. According to Holland,what is Parnam's personality type?

A) Investigative
B) Realistic
C) Enterprising
D) Conventional

Question 26

The majority of adolescents hold vocational plans in agreement with their:

A) friends.
B) parents.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 27

All of the following are personality types in Holland's theory EXCEPT:

A) artistic.
B) self-directed.
C) enterprising.
D) conventional.

Question 28

All of the following are reformulations that Ginzberg made in his theory EXCEPT:

A) career choices do not necessarily end with the first job.
B) some are occupationally mobile throughout their lives.
C) some minorities have fewer career choices than others.
D) there should be a fourth stage called re-evaluation.

Question 29

Structural barriers against women refer to:

A) the fact that women are emotionally different from men.
B) women's socialization.
C) gender discrimination.
D) biological differences between women and men.

Question 30

Brett is outgoing and loves being the leader in any group.According to Holland,what is Brett's personality type?

A) Investigative
B) Realistic
C) Enterprising
D) Conventional

Question 31

After high school,the career aspirations of girls:

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) remain the same.
D) are equal to those of boys.

Question 32

Adolescents are more inclined to adopt the vocational orientations of their parents when their:

A) father and mother agree.
B) father and mother disagree.
C) parents and grandparents agree.
D) parents and grandparents disagree.

Question 33

Tanina views herself as curious and exacting,and she enjoys science greatly.According to Holland,what is Tanina's personality type?

A) Investigative
B) Realistic
C) Enterprising
D) Conventional

Question 34

Lent et al.'s social-cognitive career theory is based on the theory of:

A) Erik Erikson.
B) B. F. Skinner.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Jean Piaget.

Question 35

Normative barriers against women refer to:

A) the fact that women are emotionally different from men.
B) women's socialization.
C) gender discrimination.
D) biological differences between women and men.

Question 36

The reasons that women are under-represented in high paying professions includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) structural barriers.
B) normative barriers.
C) emotional differences.
D) cognitive differences.

Question 37

Penich and Jepsen discovered that family functioning dimensions were stronger predictors of adolescents' career development than the adolescents':

A) gender.
B) SES.
C) educational achievement.
D) all of the above

Question 38

Adolescents tend to agree with the perceived educational goals of their parents when their:

A) father has a high educational level.
B) father has a low prestige job.
C) mother has a high educational level.
D) mother has a high prestige job.

Question 39

In the U.S.,what percent of the graduate degrees in physics are earned by women?

A) 5
B) 13
C) 27
D) 36

Question 40

All of the following are personality types in Holland's theory EXCEPT:

A) investigative.
B) social.
C) realistic.
D) unconventional.

Question 41

Boys are ________ likely to work during the school year and tend to work ________ hours than girls:

A) more, more
B) more, fewer
C) less, more
D) less, fewer

Question 42

Which of the following statements about girls' and women's involvement in science is FALSE?

A) By high school boys have more positive attitudes than girls toward science.
B) During elementary school boys perform better than girls in science and math.
C) Girls tend to score lower than boys on Holland's realistic personality type.
D) Women generally do not perceive science careers as being conducive to having the warm interactions with co-workers that they value.

Question 43

Approximately what percent of American high school students do some volunteer work each year?

A) Between 25 and 40
B) Between 40 and 50
C) Between 50 and 65
D) Between 65 and 80

Question 44

A person's belief that he or she has the ability to master a skill is referred to as

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-efficacy.
D) self-delusion.

Question 45

Which of the following is the likely reason for the finding that adolescents who work tend to develop cynical,negative attitudes about working?

A) Adolescents are at an age when they tend to be negative about authority figures.
B) Adolescents usually work because their parents are forcing them to do so.
C) Adolescents tend to work in stressful, unpleasant jobs seen as irrelevant for their future.
D) Working takes time away from being with peers, socializing, and having fun.

Question 46

Which statement about adolescents and volunteering is FALSE?

A) Adolescents from two-parent homes with their mother as a full-time homemaker are most likely to volunteer.
B) Volunteering is not correlated with attending college.
C) Community service is related to lower levels of problem behavior.
D) Most adolescents who do volunteer work say they plan to continue volunteering in the future.

Question 47

Which of the following occupations is expected to have the greatest increase in new jobs between 2006 and 2016?

A) Child care workers
B) Fast food workers
C) Retail salespeople
D) Registered nurses

Question 48

Working adolescents are more likely than non-working adolescents to:

A) use alcohol.
B) smoke marijuana.
C) get low grades.
D) all of the above

Question 49

All of the following are federal government limits on employing 14- to 15-year-olds EXCEPT:

A) they cannot use power-driven machinery.
B) they cannot work in construction.
C) they cannot work more than 25 hours per week during the summer.
D) they cannot work more than three hours per day during the school year.

Question 50

Compared to European adolescents,American adolescents:

A) are more likely to pursue general studies.
B) are older when they begin to work.
C) are more likely to return to school after working.
D) all of the above

Question 51

Which of the following careers requiring a college degree is expected to have the greatest increase in new jobs between 2006 and 2016?

A) Computer systems analysts
B) Computer software engineers
C) Accountants
D) Post-secondary teachers

Question 52

Which of the following statements about vocational choice is TRUE:

A) Low-SES youths have the same occupational aspirations as middle-SES youths.
B) Middle-SES youths tend to choose occupations with higher status than do lower-SES youths.
C) Even when separated from SES, race and ethnicity play a large role in occupational aspirations.
D) all of the above

Question 53

The cost/benefit ratio for adolescent employment depends on:

A) how many hours per week are spent at the job.
B) the nature of the job itself.
C) the number of weeks per year spent working.
D) all of the above

Question 54

Which of the following statements about gender differences in adolescent employment is FALSE?

A) Boys are more likely than girls to work freelance.
B) Girls are more likely than boys to be employed by private individuals rather than companies.
C) Boys are more likely than girls to work in landscaping.
D) Girls are less likely than boys to work during the school year.

Question 55

Compared to European adolescents,American adolescents:

A) are more likely to have institutional support for their job searches.
B) are more likely to return to school after working.
C) pursue a course of study that is more career focused.
D) all of the above

Question 56

What percent of high school students have had formal jobs before they've graduated?

A) 55
B) 70
C) 80
D) 90

Question 57

In the United States,as opposed to most European countries,the two criteria that are most important in getting a job are:

A) a high school diploma and strong recommendations.
B) volunteer experience and a high school diploma.
C) a high school diploma and a college degree.
D) work experience and a high school diploma.

Question 58

Which of the following statements about adolescent employment is TRUE?

A) Compared to teens in other industrialized nations, American teens spend more time working.
B) When they can find work, disadvantaged teens tend to work more hours than middle-class teens.
C) Adolescents from intact families are more likely to work than those from single-parent families.
D) all of the above

Question 59

The Strong Interest Inventory matches a person's characteristics and interests to

A) those of individuals already in those careers.
B) those of the individual's peers.
C) those of other individuals taking the test at the same time.
D) those of the individual's parents and siblings.

Question 60

Which of the following tends to be a characteristic of boys who choose to enlist in the U.S.military?

A) From small, enmeshed families
B) Enrolled in general curriculum
C) Not very good students
D) all of the above

Question 61

Amer's school has set up small businesses and then students sell the student-made products to people outside of school.Most likely,Amer's school has which kind of program?

A) Tech-prep program
B) Apprenticeships or internships
C) School-based enterprises
D) Job shadowing

Question 62

More than half the world's youth live in

A) Africa.
B) North America.
C) South America.
D) Asia.

Question 63

List and explain four different ways that parents influence the career choices of their adolescents.

Question 64

List and explain the two components of Gottfredson's career development theory.

Question 65

All of the following are reasons for the unemployment of teenagers EXCEPT:

A) the average period of unemployment among youths is longer than among older workers.
B) they have little training and experience.
C) state licensing boards restrict their entrance into business.
D) union requirements limit their participation.

Question 66

List and describe the three stages of Ginzberg's compromise with reality theory and note the ages when each occurs.

Question 67

The U.S.federal government's School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 provided funds to high schools that:

A) better prepared students for college.
B) developed more effective job training programs.
C) helped students find part-time jobs during the school year.
D) all of the above

Question 68

Stern and colleagues define learn-and-go programs as programs in which students:

A) learn skills specific to a career and then go into that career.
B) learn about different careers and try out different ones before going into any.
C) learn general skills that can be applied to many different businesses.
D) learn skills on the job rather than in the classroom.

Question 69

Compare and contrast Ginzberg's and Gottfredson's vocational development theories.Does research support these theories?

Question 70

Discuss the pros and cons of adolescent employment.What has research found?

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a proposed cause of the high unemployment rate for adolescents?

A) Lack of experience and training
B) Union requirements
C) College degrees in saturated markets
D) Minimum wage legislation

Question 72

List and explain the four different periods of Ginzberg's tentative stage.

Question 73

List and explain five U.S.federal government limitations on hiring 14- to 15-year-olds.

Question 74

What are the programs in which students split their time among working at a company,taking career-related courses,and doing regular academic coursework?

A) Tech-prep programs
B) Apprenticeships or internships
C) School-based enterprises
D) all of the above

Question 75

Explain Holland's theory of vocational development.Does research support his theory?

Question 76

Adolescents are more likely to do volunteer work if:

A) they are female.
B) they live in two-parent homes.
C) they have high GPAs.
D) all of the above

Question 77

What is the name of the program in which high schools are partnered with two-year colleges or vocational institutions to provide students with career education?

A) Tech-prep program
B) Apprenticeship or internship
C) School-based enterprise
D) all of the above

Question 78

Discuss the three types of barriers to women that help explain why women are underrepresented in many high-paying professions.Give examples.

Question 79

Which of the following groups of adolescents has the highest jobless rate?

A) African Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) non-Hispanic White Americans

Question 80

The highest unemployment rate for American youths is among:

A) African American teens who are not in school.
B) African American teens, whether they are in school or not.
C) Hispanic American teens who are not in school.
D) Hispanic American teens, whether they are in school or not.