Deck 13: Civil Society and Development

Question 1

Civil society has NOT been traditionally conceived of as which of the following?

A) A tool for political development
B) A tool for structural change
C) A form of popular resistance
D) A form of international cooperation for development
E) Civil society has been conceived of as all of the above.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a dynamic factor of social change?

A) Agency
B) Structure
C) Context
D) Economics
E) None of these is a dynamic factor.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT said to have shaped the emergence, growth, and strengthening of civil society in the 1980s?

A) The spread of democracy
B) Increased privatization
C) Decentralization
D) Economic liberalization
E) A strengthening of trade regulations

Answer 3

E

Question 4

What did the 1980s movement towards decentralization mean?

A) Deconstructing power in society
B) An approach to decision making which legally mandates inclusiveness
C) A formulaic approach to power distribution
D) A more participatory form of politics and development
E) Strong regulatory framework for private sector activity

Question 5

From a liberal perspective, civil society is based on what principles?

A) Human rights
B) Citizenship
C) Democratic representation
D) Rule of law
E) All of the above

Question 6

The new international division of labour is the result of _______________.

A) the relocation of labour-intensive industrial production overseas
B) the increase in service-oriented jobs in the developing world
C) commodities being produced in the developing world and manufactured in developed countries
D) uneven access to education
E) uneven access to technology and information

Question 7

Which of the following is a key tenant of the post-Washington Consensus?

A) A recognition of the need for fundamental reform in the IFIs
B) A consensus on the need to bring the state back into the development process
C) A movement towards a sustainable model for inclusionary growth
D) A clear repudiation of economic orthodoxy
E) An emphasis on the principle of subsidiarity

Question 8

How was development defined during the eighteenth-century Enlightenment?

A) Social Darwinism
B) Granting universal recognition of all people's right to political participation
C) The right to access political, social, economic, and human rights
D) Freedom from tyranny, superstition, and poverty, and attaining some degree of social equality
E) Identifying obstacles to good citizenship

Question 9

Social movements in the Global South have NOT typically been led by which of the following groups?

A) Indigenous communities
B) Peasant farmers
C) Rural landless workers
D) Educated elites
E) Social movements in the Global South have been led by all of the above.

Question 10

Who has typically been involved in the anti-globalization movement in the North?

A) Wealthy
B) Middle class
C) Poor
D) Those involved in environmental issues
E) Disadvantaged factory workers

Question 11

The turn towards a new economic model prioritizing the free market in the 1980s catalyzed a development paradigm that did what?

A) Emphasized aid not trade
B) Emphasized trade not aid
C) Was top-down to control for corruption
D) Was community based, and localized
E) Prioritized the benefits of liberalization

Question 12

"Social capital" does NOT acknowledge the structured nature of ____________.

A) the capitalist system
B) poverty
C) economic and political power
D) the social world
E) personal choice

Question 13

Which of the following is true about the way the concept of "social capital" is used?

A) It hinders the possibility of radical change.
B) It promotes the possibility of social re-development.
C) It promotes political mobilization.
D) It removes the burden of personal responsibility in economic matters.
E) It allows for a multi-faceted approach to development policy.

Question 14

Major expressions of civil society in the 1980s did NOT come from which of the following?

A) Voluntary private association
B) Non-governmental organization
C) Private-sector enterprises
D) Expressions of civil society came from all of the above
E) Expressions of civil society came from none of the above

Question 15

How does the Brazilian MST movement seek to accomplish land reform?

A) The use of "mother's marches" against coercive state policy.
B) The allying of movements in the Global North and South.
C) The occupation of land and organizing for agricultural production.
D) The use of paramilitary force to bring the state to the negotiating table.
E) The use of non-violent resistance.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the recruitment of NGOs?

A) To mediate between aid donors and poor communities
B) To promote the virtues of private enterprise and reform
C) To encourage confrontational class politics in rural areas
D) All of the above are reasons for the recruitment of NGOs.
E) None of the above is a reason for the recruitment of NGOs.

Question 17

Positive interpretations of the work of NGOs in the 1990s see them as which of the following?

A) Catalysts of an alternative form of development that is participatory
B) Empowering of women and the poor
C) Equitable and inclusive
D) Sustainable
E) All of the above

Question 18

Sectors of civil society do NOT include which of the following?

A) International lending organizations
B) Associational-type organizations
C) Community organizations
D) Private-sector interest groups
E) Sectors of civil society include all of the above.

Question 19

The MST in Brazil is a good example of which of the following?

A) A complex of associational-type organization
B) A community or localized type organization
C) A private-sector interest group
D) A profit-oriented organization
E) None of the above

Question 20

To what extent has the MST grown?

A) Not too much
B) To a certain natural limit
C) To be the largest in Latin America
D) To be the largest on the world
E) To an unbearable size

Question 21

Where are the MST origins to be found?

A) To the 1960s
B) Religious groups in the 1950s
C) Evangelicals
D) Religious groups in Brazil
E) To the Left parties in Brazil

Question 22

How does the MST and other movements oppose IMF and World Bank policies?

A) By confronting the tenets of neoliberalism
B) By guerillas movements
C) By signing manifestos
D) By giving land only to some
E) They actually support neoliberalism

Question 23

Does the MST format represent the only alternative in CSOs relations to the states?

A) Yes, it is the only option
B) Yes, and the most successful
C) It depends on the state
D) No, it is only one of several options
E) No, but it is the only one that has been successful

Question 24

When are NGOs sometimes counterproductive?

A) When they represent imperial capitalist objectives
B) When they make a lot of money
C) When poverty grows
D) When they become strategic partners
E) When they stop working in a region or country

Question 25

Why is globalization seen as dysfunctional and unethical?

A) When it responds to SGOs
B) Because the benefits of globalization go to a small group of super-billionaires
C) Because it has become ethical
D) Because it pretends to tax billionaires
E) It is not dysfunctional at all

Question 26

What is the role of education in globalization?

A) It allows the poor to access the benefits of globalization
B) It has no role among urban and rural poor
C) It is an efficient tool for the global middle-class
D) It is an efficient tool for the global rural poor
E) It is exclusive for the superrich

Question 27

What does it mean to have a balance between market and state?

A) To restrict the power of public institutions
B) To restore the authority of the state
C) To return to welfare states policies
D) To restate the authority of big capitals
E) To bail out big corporations

Question 28

How can the relationship between states and CSOs be characterized?

A) As one full of satisfaction
B) As a powerful tool to end poverty in the world
C) As that of constant tensions
D) As belligerent
E) As that of conflict and cooperation

Question 29

In 1970 there were 250 development NGOs working in Latin America, by the end of the 1990s that number had ______________.

A) stayed constant at 250
B) grown to 500
C) grown to thousands
D) grown to tens of thousands
E) declined to 175

Question 30

NGOs are seen by some scholars as ________________.

A) depoliticizing the poor in their struggle for change
B) turning the rural poor away from joining social movements
C) being the agents of outside forces and interests
D) encouraging the rural poor to improve their lives by "empowering" themselves, not challenging the power structures
E) All of the above

Question 31

It is possible to think of the turn towards civil society as a form of privatization.

Question 32

Civil society operates in the public sphere.

Question 33

The media is an element of civil society.

Question 34

Civil society does not include any profit-oriented corporations.

Question 35

Civil society strengthens as governments become more responsive to society's needs.

Question 36

A retreat of the state corresponds with a strengthening of civil society.

Question 37

Civil society weakened in the 1980s.

Question 38

In comparison to social movements, NGOs tend to have a more confrontational approach in challenging economic and political power.

Question 39

Socio-economic conditions improved in the 1960s because of wealth and income distribution by the state and through protectionism.

Question 40

Liberalization had the positive effect of weakening predatory state structures and limiting rent-seeking behaviours in some contexts.

Question 41

Neoliberal globalization has weakened global civil society.

Question 42

The Oaxaca Rebellion was at the helm of the Brazilian MST social movement.

Question 43

Development depends on sustainable livelihoods.

Question 44

In 1990, most countries were still not aligned with free market capitalism.

Question 45

Social capital is constituted by the norms, institutions, and organizations that promote trust and co-operation among persons in communities and in the wider society.

Question 46

NGOs are said to belong to the "third sector."

Question 47

Some argue that the war on poverty is simply a charade to mask the real agenda: to create a world safe for capital.

Question 48

Private sector interest groups are NOT part of "civil society."

Question 49

A successful project only needs to acquire government support to have high levels of success.

Question 50

The MST's "Popular Project" is a program of agrarian reform focused on creating large agro-businesses.

Question 51

The world's poor lack the education and opportunity to benefit from neoliberal globalization.

Question 52

The relationship between the state and organizations is characterized by conflict and not by cooperation.

Question 53

The Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) is a grassroots movement of rural peasants in Brazil.

Question 54

Conditions for the emergence of the MST could be found in the early 21^st century.

Question 55

Liberation theology played a part in the origin of MST.

Question 56

The relationship between the state and grassroots CSOs is easy to generalize.

Question 57

The MST is Africa's largest and most dynamic grassroots movement.

Question 58

The role of NGOs in the development process raises questions and critics.

Question 59

There is no relevant difference between old and new Morococha.

Question 60

Ecuador is the only South American country where major Chinese investments exist in an area with extremely high biodiversity in four differ?ent species groups as well as traditional Indigenous territory.

Question 61

All NGOs are seen as agents of the World Bank and other international organizations (as well as of governments in the Global North), engaged in the project of "international cooperation" for the purpose of economic and social development as defined by these major proponents of globalization.

Question 62

MST has been unable to help hundreds of thousands of landless small peasant farmers to reclaim their connection to the land and their rural livelihoods.

Question 63

How might civil society be viewed as a sort of privatization of public goods and services?

Question 64

Discuss the three traditions in the use of the concept "civil society"?

Question 65

Identify and discuss the three dynamic factors of social change.

Question 66

Describe the contextual elements which led to the emergence, growth, and strengthening of civil society.

Question 67

What led to the creation of the "new international division of labour"?

Question 68

Discuss the context that shaped the reinvention of the concept of development in 1948.

Question 69

Discuss reasons for the emergence and strengthening of civil society in the 1980s.

Question 70

Describe the concept of development being initiated "from below," as championed by organizations such as the World Bank. How was this related to the global economic crisis?

Question 71

What has been the impact of liberalization on civil society?

Question 72

What criticisms have been levelled against the promotion of "social capital" in the developing world?

Question 73

Briefly discuss the role of non-governmental organizations in civil society.

Question 74

What is the main difference between NGOs and social movements, and what is the significance of this to critical approaches to development?

Question 75

Identify and describe the three forms of civil society.

Question 76

Discuss the relationship between the state and grassroots organizations and identify an example.

Question 77

Are NGOs agents of capitalism or agents of democracy? Explain.

Question 78

What is the utility in comparing/contrasting the Toromocho copper mine owned by Chinalco in Peru and Andes Petroleum in Ecuador?

Question 79

Do people need to assert their "right to development and to organize"? Explain your answer.

Question 80

What is the MST movement?