Deck 9: Metabolism

Question 1

Looking around your home, which of the following is not an example of potential energy?

A) Making popcorn in the microwave
B) Potato chips in a bag
C) Gasoline in your car
D) Candy in a jar

Answer 1

A

Question 2

ATP belongs to which of the 4 groups of organic molecules critical to life?

A) Carbohydrates because of the sugar.
B) Proteins because of the 3 dimensional structure.
C) Lipids because of the hydrogen bonds.
D) Nucleic acids because of the nitrogenous base.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Catabolism is a set of ________ reactions that ________.

A) endergonic; results in the breakdown of a large macromolecule into smaller subunits
B) endergonic; results in the synthesis of a large macromolecule from smaller subunits
C) exergonic; results in the breakdown of a large macromolecule into smaller subunits
D) exergonic; results in the synthesis of a large macromolecule from smaller subunits

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Anabolism is a set of ________ reactions that ________.

A) endergonic; results in the breakdown of a large macromolecule into smaller subunits
B) endergonic; results in the synthesis of a large macromolecule from smaller subunits
C) exergonic; results in the breakdown of a large macromolecule into smaller subunits
D) exergonic; results in the synthesis of a large macromolecule from smaller subunits

Question 5

________ is an example of a set of exergonic reactions.

A) E. coli breaking down glucose
B) E. coli replicating its chromosome and dividing into two cells
C) E. coli producing proteins from amino acids
D) E. coli rotating its flagella in order to move through its environment

Question 6

________ is an example of a set of endergonic reactions. (Select all that apply)

A) E. coli breaking down glucose
B) E. coli replicating its chromosome and dividing into two cells
C) E. coli producing proteins from amino acids
D) E. coli rotating its flagella in order to move through its environment

Question 7

The production of proteins from amino acids is a ________ reaction. (Select all that apply)

A) endergonic
B) exergonic
C) catabolic
D) anabolic

Question 8

The synthesis of ATP from the breakdown of glucose is an example of an ________ reaction. (Select all that apply)

A) endergonic
B) exergonic reaction
C) catabolism
D) anabolism

Question 9

A redox reaction occurs when one compound is ________ and ________ electrons and another compound is ________ and ________ electrons.

A) reduced; loses; oxidized; gains
B) reduced; loses; oxidized; loses
C) reduced; gains; oxidized; loses
D) oxidized; gains; reduced; gains

Question 10

Which of the following are activated, high energy carriers in cellular processes?

A) NAD⁺ and FAD
B) NADH and FADH₂
C) NAD⁺ and FADH₂
D) NADH and FAD

Question 11

Under standard biological conditions, how much energy is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups in ATP is broken?

A) 5.3 kcal/mol
B) 7.3 kcal/mol
C) 10.3 kcal/mol
D) 14.3 kcal/mol

Question 12

ATP ________. (Select all that apply)

A) is able to store and transport chemical energy within cells
B) as low energy bonds between the phosphate groups
C) is the primary molecule used to do cellular work
D) is a nucleotide

Question 13

In ________, the high-energy third phosphate group is transferred by an enzyme to ADP creating ATP.

A) substrate-level phosphorylation
B) oxidative phosphorylation
C) photophosphorylation
D) simple phosphorylation

Question 14

When a series of redox reactions are initiated by the absorption of light energy this results in the ________ of ATP.

A) substrate-level phosphorylation
B) oxidative phosphorylation
C) photophosphorylation
D) simple phosphorylation

Question 15

In aerobic respiration, the energy needed for ________ is provided by the activated carriers NADH and FADH₂.

A) substrate-level phosphorylation
B) oxidative phosphorylation
C) photophosphorylation
D) simple phosphorylation

Question 16

The enzyme that uses the energy released from a H⁺ ion gradient to phosphorylate ADP making ATP.

A) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
B) Phosphorylase
C) ATP synthase
D) Photosynthase

Question 17

Glycolysis uses ________.

A) one 6-carbon glucose, two ATP, two NAD⁺
B) one 6-carbon glucose, two ATP, two NADH
C) one 6-carbon glucose, four ATP, two NAD⁺
D) one 6-carbon glucose, four ATP, four NAD⁺

Question 18

The NAD⁺ utilized in glycolysis and other processes actually comes from the water-soluble B vitamin known as niacin. NAD⁺ is an organic electron carrier that becomes activated when it is reduced to NADH. On the cellular level what do you think would happen to a person who is malnourished and lacks adequate B vitamins?

A) They will not have enough NAD⁺ to serve as energy carriers and subsequently will not be able to produce enough ATP to fuel cellular functions.
B) They will suffer from fatigue and recuperation will be faster than expected.
C) Subsequent to their malnutrition they will not have enough NAD⁺ to carry the electrons released and the cells will become too acidic and die.
D) They will build up too much glucose in the bloodstream and will develop Diabetes Type I.

Question 19

What are the results of glycolysis?

A) 2 ATP net created via oxidative phosphorylation plus 2 NADH and two 3-carbon pyruvates.
B) 4 ATP gross created via substrate-level phosphorylation plus 4 NADH and two 3-carbon pyruvates.
C) 2 ATP gross created via oxidative phosphorylation plus 4 NADH and four 3-carbon pyruvates.
D) 2 ATP net created via substrate-level phosphorylation plus 2 NADH and two 3-carbon pyruvates.

Question 20

Why does glycolysis have to be followed by either fermentation or respiration?

A) Because acetyl-CoA isn't completely formed until the citric acid cycle.
B) Because NAD⁺ needs to be recycled from NADH so that the glycolytic pathway can continue.
C) So that fermentation will be able to produce more ATP using the electrons from NADH.
D) So that the cell can use FADH₂ in the next step of aerobic respiration.

Question 21

Lactobacillus produces ________ as the end product of fermentation.

A) pyruvate
B) ethanol
C) carbon dioxide
D) lactic acid.

Question 22

The yeast, Saccharomyces, produces ________ as the organic end product of fermentation.

A) pyruvate
B) ethanol
C) carbon dioxide
D) lactic acid

Question 23

What organic compound is produced at the end of glycolysis? (Select all that apply)

A) Lactic acid
B) Ethanol
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Pyruvate

Question 24

Fermentation is an ancient process utilized by Egyptians and other civilizations to provide safer beverages to drink. On the molecular level, why would fermentation make fluids safer to drink?

A) The presence of ethanol in the beverages would kill of many pathogens that might be present.
B) The lactic acid in the beverages would make the drinks too acidic for most bacterial cells.
C) The Acetaldehyde would kill many of the pathogens present.
D) The recycling of NAD⁺ would increase electron and H⁺ ion concentrations, thus making the beverages acidic enough to inhibit bacterial growth.

Question 25

During the breakdown of one glucose to CO₂ and H₂O, how many pyruvate molecules are oxidized between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four

Question 26

The citric acid cycle may be described as a cycle because it begins and ends with ________.

A) citric acid
B) pyruvate
C) oxaloacetate
D) acetyl-Co A

Question 27

As pyruvate is oxidized to produce acetyl-Co A, what other products are produced? (Select all that apply)

A) CO₂
B) NADH
C) FADH₂
D) H₂O

Question 28

What type of phosphorylation occurs in the Citric Acid Cycle?

A) Substrate level phosphorylation
B) Oxidative phosphorylation
C) Photo phosphorylation
D) Heterotrophic phosphorylation

Question 29

The CO₂ gas that we exhale from our lungs is produced during ________. (Select all that apply)

A) glycolysis
B) pyruvate oxidation
C) citric acid cycle
D) oxidative phosphorylation

Question 30

Fill in the blanks in the following statement:
For each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle must make ________ turns producing ________ molecules of ATP.

A) 1 turn/2 ATP
B) 2 turns/2 ATP
C) 1 turn/1 ATP
D) 2 turn/4 ATP

Question 31

Aerobic cellular respiration consists of three pathways. The correct order of these pathways is ________.

A) glycolysis/citric acid cycle/electron transport system
B) glycolysis/fermentation/electron transport system
C) glycolysis/fermentation/citric acid cycle
D) glycolysis/electron transport system/citric acid cycle

Question 32

In the Electron Transport System, the oxidation of one NADH to NAD⁺ yields ________ ATP while the oxidation of FADH₂ to FAD yields ________ ATP.

A) 1/2
B) 2/2
C) 3/2
D) 3/3

Question 33

During the entire process of aerobic respiration, there are ________ NADH molecules and ________ FADH₂ molecules generated per glucose molecules metabolized.

A) 10/10
B) 10/2
C) 8/2
D) 12/6

Question 34

In eukaryotes the electron transport system is located in the ________ while in prokaryotes it occurs in ________.

A) cytoplasm/cell membrane
B) mitochondria/cytoplasm
C) mitochondria/cell membrane
D) cell membrane/cell membrane

Question 35

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle occur ________ of a bacterial cell.

A) in the cytoplasm
B) in the cell membrane
C) in the cell wall
D) in the mitochondria

Question 36

The electron transport system consists of series of redox reactions that occur in a step-wise pathway through membrane-embedded proteins in order to create ________. (Select all that apply)

A) a H+ ion gradient across the cell membrane
B) a reservoir of available NAD⁺ and FAD to be reduced again
C) 34 ATP
D) more NADH and FAFH₂

Question 37

What serves as final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration?

A) CO₂
B) H₂O
C) O₂
D) NAD⁺

Question 38

From the statements below, what is the best description of chemiosmosis?

A) Conversion of potential energy stored in H⁺ ion gradient into reduced NADH and FADH₂.
B) Conversion of potential energy stored in H⁺ ion gradient into ATP as H⁺ diffuses across a membrane.
C) Conversion of kinetic energy stored in H⁺ ion gradient into oxidized NAD⁺ and FAD.
D) Conversion of kinetic energy stored in H⁺ ion gradient into H₂O and ATP.

Question 39

What three things are required for production of ATP in the electron transport system?

A) Embedded membrane proteins, H⁺ ion concentration gradient and chemiosmosis.
B) ATP synthase enzyme, activated carriers, and H⁺ ion concentration gradient.
C) Embedded membrane proteins, chemiosmosis and O₂.
D) ATP synthase, H⁺ ion concentration gradient and chemiosmosis.

Question 40

Where may chemiosmosis occur in a cell? (Select all that apply)

A) Cristae of mitochondria in Eukaryote cells.
B) Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in photosynthetic Eukaryotes.
C) Cell membranes of aerobic bacteria.
D) Cytoplasm of fermentative bacteria.

Question 41

In the total process of glycolysis followed by aerobic cellular respiration in bacteria, substrate level phosphorylation produces a net of ________ ATP while the oxidation of NADH and FADH₂ produces ________ ATP.

A) 6 ATP/34 ATP
B) 2 ATP/36 ATP
C) 4 ATP/32 ATP
D) 4 ATP/34 ATP

Question 42

Glycolysis followed aerobic respiration is ________ times more efficient than glycolysis and fermentation because of the increase in the net number of ATP produced.

A) 19
B) 16
C) 20
D) 4

Question 43

Many lipids contain fatty acids that are oxidized in step-wise reactions called ________ that release energy for ATP production.

A) beta-oxidation
B) redox reactions
C) beta-reduction
D) gluconeogenesis

Question 44

Gluconeogenesis is ________.

A) the production of glucose from pyruvate in some nonphotosynthetic microbes
B) the storing of excess glucose as glycogen
C) the storing of surplus glucose as starch
D) the conversion of glucose into fructose-6-phosphate, a precursor of N-acetylmuramic acid

Question 45

The reaction center pigment that initiates the light reactions of photosynthesis is ________.

A) chlorophyll a
B) chlorophyll b
C) carotenoids
D) phycobolins

Question 46

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis trap solar energy and ________.

A) convert it to glucose
B) convert it to RuDP
C) converts it to ATP and NADPH
D) fixes CO₂

Question 47

The principal function of carotenoids are ________.

A) as antioxidants to protect chlorophyll from oxidation by superoxide anions
B) to absorb photons of light and initiate the light reactions of photosynthesis
C) to absorb photons of light and pass the harvested energy to chlorophyll molecules
D) to fix CO₂

Question 48

________ are algal accessory pigments that form a globular structure that absorbs photons of different colors and funnels the energy to adjacent chlorophyll a molecules.

A) Chlorophyll b molecules
B) Carotenoids
C) Phycobilins
D) Chlorophyll d molecules

Question 49

What are the major differences between photosystem I and photosystem II? (Select all that apply)

A) P₇₀₀ is the reaction center chlorophyll in photosystem I while P₆₈₀ is the reaction center chlorophyll in photosystem II.
B) Photosystem I occurs first.
C) Photosystem II occurs first.
D) Photosystem II produces atmospheric oxygen.

Question 50

Together the light-dependent photosynthetic reactions produce ________.

A) ATP, NADPH, O₂
B) ATP, NADPH, CO₂
C) Glucose, ATP, O₂
D) ATP, NADPH, H₂O

Question 51

The replacement electrons for Photosystem II's P₆₈₀ reaction center come from ________.

A) photosystem I
B) splitting of water
C) atmospheric oxygen
D) NADPH

Question 52

Atmospheric oxygen is a product of ________.

A) cellular respiration
B) calvin cycle
C) photosystem I
D) photosystem II

Question 53

What is the correct sequence of the seven events in the light reactions of photosynthesis?
1-ATP Synthase produces ATP
2-H₂O is split producing electrons to reduce P₆₈₀
3-the electron transport chain produces a H⁺ ion gradient
4-production of NADPH
5-P₆₈₀ reaction center is oxidized when an excited electron is ejected
6- P₇₀₀ is reduced by an electron from P₆₈₀
7-absorbsion of a photon in pigments of photosystem II

A) 7, 6, 2, 3, 5, 4, 1
B) 7, 5, 2, 3, 6, 4, 1
C) 7, 2, 4, 6, 3, 5, 1
D) 7, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6, 1

Question 54

________ is the process in which ATP is synthesized via chemiosmosis without producing NADPH in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

A) Cyclic photophosphorylation
B) Noncyclic phosphorylation
C) Noncyclic photophosphorylation
D) Cyclic oxidative phosphorylation

Question 55

________ produces ATP and NADPH during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

A) Cyclic photophosphorylation
B) Noncyclic phosphorylation
C) Noncyclic photophosphorylation
D) Cyclic oxidative phosphorylation

Question 56

Why is carbon dioxide a key molecule in the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis?

A) CO₂ provides electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll during the light-dependent reactions.
B) CO₂ provides the carbon for the synthesis of sugars during carbon fixation.
C) CO₂ is the major product of the light-independent reaction.
D) CO₂ provides the energy for substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 57

The ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions are used in the Calvin cycle to ________. (Select all that apply)

A) reduce CO₂ to glucose
B) regenerate RuBP
C) power reactions in production of PGAL
D) drive photophosphorylation

Question 58

Chemoautotrophs use ________ as their primary carbon source and ________ as their energy resource.

A) CO₂/reduced inorganic compounds
B) CO₂/oxidized inorganic compounds
C) reduced organic compounds/reduced organic compounds
D) reduced organic compounds/oxidized organic compounds

Question 59

Chemoheterotrophs use organic compounds as their primary carbon source and same compounds as their energy resource. This group includes ________. (Select all that apply)

A) humans and other animals
B) fungi
C) most protozoa
D) most bacteria

Question 60

Which process probably evolved first on the ancient Planet Earth - photosynthesis or cellular respiration?

A) Photosynthesis because it provided atmospheric oxygen that facilitated evolution of aerobic organisms.
B) Cellular respiration because carbon dioxide from citric acid cycle provided source of carbon fixation for photosynthesis.
C) Photosynthesis because there was plenty of light and CO₂ in the atmosphere for carbon fixation but no organic molecules to use as carbon and energy sources.
D) Cellular respiration because it is the universal metabolic pathway.