Deck 8: Viruses and Infectious Particles

Question 1

Viruses are not generally referred to as living things, because they ________.

A) grow too slow
B) lack nucleic acids
C) lack standard cell structure
D) grow too fast

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The core of virus particle can contain all of the follow nucleic acids EXCEPT ________.

A) single stranded RNA
B) DNA and RNA
C) single stranded DNA
D) double stranded DNA

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The core of a virus particle contains a(n) ________.

A) envelope
B) capsid
C) bacteriophage
D) nucleic acid

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A(n) ________ virus only has a nucleocapsid.

A) enveloped
B) naked
C) capsomere
D) combination

Question 5

The viral capsid is made primarily of ________.

A) protein
B) carbohydrate
C) triglyceride
D) nucleic acid

Question 6

Which of the following viral shapes would contain the most capsomeres?

A) Complex
B) Helical
C) Polyhedral
D) Peplomers

Question 7

Positive sense RNA viruses have genetic material that is ________.

A) read as double stranded DNA
B) the same reading structure as mRNA
C) complementary to mRNA
D) converted to DNA before it can be used as RNA to make viral proteins

Question 8

The nucleocapsid refers to the ________.

A) viral genome and the protective protein coat
B) capsomeres and nucleic acids
C) helical shape of all viral particles
D) envelope that surrounds the viral genetic component

Question 9

The most sophisticated viral morphology belongs to the infectious particles that primarily infect ________.

A) plants
B) animals
C) protists
D) bacteria

Question 10

The system of viral taxonomy classifies viruses primarily on the virus ________.

A) RNA or DNA
B) proteins
C) triglycerides
D) shape

Question 11

Bacteriophages are usually ________ viruses.

A) helical
B) polyhedral
C) complex
D) enveloped

Question 12

Which of the following statements accurately describes a viral envelope?

A) The envelope helps protect viruses exposed to heat and/or detergents.
B) The envelope is only found on RNA viruses.
C) The presence of an envelope influences viral entry and exit strategies.
D) Enveloped viruses do not have protein spikes.

Question 13

Which of the following are considered acceptable standards used to classify viruses? (Select all that apply.)

A) Genetic similarities
B) Structure
C) Host range
D) Chemical composition

Question 14

The term Adenoviridae indicates a reference to a virus ________.

A) species
B) strain
C) genus
D) family

Question 15

Identify the mismatched infection/pathogen pair.

A) Rabies/Lyssavirus
B) Yellow fever/Flavivirus
C) Fifth disease/Adenovirus
D) Measles/Morbillivirus

Question 16

Rubella is caused ________.

A) Erythrovirus
B) Rubulavirus
C) Rubivirus
D) Rotavirus

Question 17

Alphapapillomavirus is classified as ________.

A) positive sense RNA virus
B) double stranded RNA naked nucleocapsid virus
C) double stranded DNA naked nucleocapsid virus
D) double stranded DNA enveloped virus

Question 18

Hepatitis infection can be caused by which viral types? (Select all that apply.)

A) Double stranded DNA enveloped virus
B) Negative sense RNA enveloped virus
C) Positive sense RNA enveloped virus
D) Single stranded DNA enveloped virus

Question 19

Why does the viral classification system differ from that of eukaryotes?

A) Viruses are microscopic.
B) Viruses rely on a host cell for replication.
C) Viruses do not participate in sexual reproduction.
D) Viral nucleic acids can not mutate.

Question 20

The ability to infect the same hosts is ________.

A) host range
B) host fidelity
C) host selection
D) host average

Question 21

Indicate the correct order of the viral replication cycle.

A) adsorption, penetration, biosynthesis, self-assembly, release
B) adsorption, biosynthesis, penetration, self-assembly, release
C) adsorption, penetration, biosynthesis, release, self-assembly
D) adsorption, biosynthesis, penetration, release, self-assembly

Question 22

The binding of protein spikes on the viral surface with complementary receptor sites on the host cell membrane is referred to as ________.

A) uncoating
B) endocytosis
C) adsorption
D) fusion

Question 23

Most of the viruses with DNA as their nucleic acid replicate in the host's ________.

A) plasma membrane
B) nucleus
C) Golgi apparatus
D) cytoplasm

Question 24

Most of the viruses with RNA as their nucleic acid replicate in the host's ________.

A) plasma membrane
B) nucleus
C) Golgi apparatus
D) cytoplasm

Question 25

A retrovirus belongs to a group of ________ viruses that insert a ________ copy of their genome into the host cell in order to reproduce.

A) DNA; DNA
B) DNA; RNA
C) RNA; DNA
D) RNA; RNA

Question 26

A viral tropism ________. (Select all that apply)

A) is represented by the gp120 spike of HIV binding to CD4 on a T_H cell plasma membrane
B) describes tissue-specific infection by a given virus
C) explains why the rabies virus does not damage the kidneys
D) allows a veterinarian to handle a cat infected with feline leukemia virus without fear of acquiring the infection

Question 27

AIDS is a lifelong infection because ________.

A) reverse transcriptase converts RNA genome of HIV into DNA
B) the DNA version of the HIV genome is inserted into the host cell's genetic material
C) newly made HIV viruses are unable to be released by budding
D) newly made HIV viruses acquire an envelope made from the host cell plasma membrane

Question 28

This micrograph of virally-infected cells demonstrates the cytopathic effect known as ________.

A) nucleomegaly
B) inclusion bodies
C) syncytium formation
D) cellular rounding

Question 29

After entering the host cell by fusion, the viral genome is immediately translated into new viral proteins. Following genome replication in the cytoplasm, new virions are assembled in the cytoplasm and continuously bud from the host to spread the infection. Based on this information, describe the basic characteristics of this virus.

A) Naked nucleocapsid virus with ds DNA genome
B) Enveloped virus with ss DNA genome
C) Enveloped virus with ss (+) sense RNA genome
D) Naked nucleocapsid with ss (-) RNA genome

Question 30

Which step is NOT present in the bacteriophage replication cycle, but IS present in viruses that infect eukaryotic cells?

A) Adsorption
B) Penetration
C) Uncoating
D) Release

Question 31

In which viral replication cycle does viral DNA integrate into the host genome, and is subsequently duplicated during host cell divisions?

A) Lytic
B) Lysogenic
C) Lysozymic
D) Static

Question 32

Which of the following does NOT trigger induction during the lysogenic cycle?

A) Favorable host cell conditions
B) Exposure to UV radiation
C) Reduced host cell nutrition
D) Contact with specific chemicals

Question 33

During the eclipse period, ________.

A) viral DNA is inserted into the host cell genome
B) lysogenic conversion occurs
C) viral spikes adsorb to host receptors resulting in viral tropism
D) the host cell contains unassembled viral components

Question 34

Unlike lytic viruses, lysogenic viruses do not ________.

A) inject their genetic material into the host cell
B) enter the lytic cycle
C) lyse the host cell right away
D) infect host cells

Question 35

Bacteriophage DNA inserted into the bacterial host genome during the lysogenic cycle is known as a ________.

A) provirus
B) prophage
C) transformation
D) induction

Question 36

What process facilitates the entry of bacteriophage DNA into a bacterial host cell?

A) The lysozyme-tipped tail fibers of the viruses weaken the bacterial cell wall.
B) The head of the bacteriophage contracts forcing the DNA into the bacterial cell.
C) The bacteriophage is enzymatically uncoated.
D) The bacteriophage collar releases the DNA from the head.

Question 37

Which of the following defines the nature of viruses?

A) Facultative intracellular saprobes
B) Obligate intracellular pathogens
C) Obligate extracellular pathogens
D) Facultative extracellular pathogens

Question 38

In the process of viral cultivation, ________ cells are used as hosts.

A) bacterial
B) viral
C) animal
D) plant

Question 39

What technique is used to rapidly, accurately identify viruses in the clinical laboratory?

A) Cell culture
B) PCR
C) Western blotting
D) Plaque assay

Question 40

Which strain of the flu was responsible for more than 20 million deaths in 1918 worldwide?

A) Rhinovirus
B) H1N1
C) H2N5
D) Coronavirus

Question 41

Which patient age cohort was surprisingly susceptible to both H1N1 (1918) and the novel H1N1 (2009) influenza viruses?

A) Infants
B) Young adults
C) Middle-aged adults
D) Elderly adults

Question 42

Indicate which of the following statement(s) is true regarding the 2018 Ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

A) The experimental vaccine, rVSV-ZEBV, probably prevented thousands of additional cases.
B) Many people in DRC believe the epidemic is a hoax and refuse to participate in prevention measures.
C) The World Health Organization has not provided medical assistance.
D) This epidemic is caused by the most lethal subtype of the Ebola virus.

Question 43

Which viruses have caused pandemics in the 21^st century resulting in significant mortality?

A) Rhinovirus and Influenza virus
B) Rhinovirus and SARS-CoV-2 virus
C) Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus
D) Ebola virus and MERS-CoV virus

Question 44

When viral DNA enters a eukaryotic host's genome, what term is used to describe the state of the viral DNA?

A) Lysogenic virus
B) Postvirus
C) Previrus
D) Provirus

Question 45

Shingles is the result of reactivated ________.

A) provirus
B) prions
C) viroids
D) bacteriophages

Question 46

Sometimes proviruses can convert normal cells into malignant cells. Viruses that cause this malignancy are referred to as ________.

A) retroviruses
B) oncoviruses
C) protoviruses
D) prophages

Question 47

Which of the following is not typically characterized as a latent viral infection?

A) Varicella-zoster (chicken pox)
B) Herpes simplex 1
C) Influenza
D) Herpes simplex 2

Question 48

How does HHV-8 infection in an HIV+ patient cause a malignancy like Kaposi's sarcoma?

A) HHV-8 is a protovirus.
B) HHV-8 converts normal cells to malignant cells recognized as foreign by a healthy person's immune system and destroyed. The compromised immune system of an HIV patient prevents this from happening and life-threatening Kaposi's sarcoma develops.
C) HIV infection of the patient's T_H cells enhances their activity, triggering the development of Kaposi's sarcoma by HHV-8.
D) HHV-8 and HIV co-infect T_H cells, causing them to mutate into the malignant cells of Kaposi's sarcoma.

Question 49

Which of the following statements regarding the progression of an HIV infection is accurate?

A) HIV patients experience a latent period during which the viral load in the plasma increases exponentially.
B) Opportunistic infections become more prevalent as the patient's T_H cell population grows rapidly.
C) Initial HIV infection symptoms subside as the virus moves out of circulation and into lymphoid tissue.
D) HIV transitions from replication via the lytic cycle to replication via the lysogenic cycle.

Question 50

Which of the following is the LEAST effective way to prevent the spread of viruses?

A) Washing your hands before eating
B) Using alcohol sanitizers instead of soap
C) Only shaking hands with healthy-looking people
D) Sneezing into the crook of your arm

Question 51

Which of the following statements about the measles is true?

A) The measles virus is extremely contagious.
B) Receiving the MMR vaccine to prevent measles increases a person's risk of developing autism.
C) Measles infections are easily treated with modern antiviral medications.
D) Childhood measles immunizations are not critical because infection is usually prevented by herd immunity.

Question 52

Which of the following are the most pressing problems with treating viral infections? (Select all that apply.)

A) Finding the proper antibiotic to fit the virus
B) The rapid rate of viral mutations
C) Finding the source of the viruses
D) The limited number of targets to attack the virus

Question 53

How do antiviral medications work? (Select all that apply)

A) Prevent viral spikes from binding to host receptors
B) Interfere with viral nucleic acid replication
C) Prevent the release of new virions
D) Interfere with the activity of viral enzymes

Question 54

An unusual side effect of taking protease inhibitors to treat a viral infection is ________.

A) GI upset
B) birth defects
C) development of fatty liver
D) redistribution of body fat

Question 55

In specialized transduction, the resistance gene comes from the ________.

A) bacteriophage
B) virus
C) human host cell
D) bacterial genome

Question 56

Lysogenic conversion can cause the host bacterium to become more virulent to human patients because ________.

A) bacteriophage genes can destroy the bacterial genes
B) bacteriophage genes can replace the bacterial genes
C) bacterial genes altered by the bacteriophage may produce toxins which are then secreted by the bacteria
D) bacterial genes can alter the bacteriophage genes, thus causing a potential increase in the production of toxic bacterial substances

Question 57

The lysogenic cycle is evolutionarily favored because ________.

A) bacteriophages replicate faster than other viruses
B) viral genome replication occurs more efficiently via binary fission than by the lytic cycle.
C) prophage formation occurs more readily than provirus formation
D) it reduces the rate of viral mutation

Question 58

________ is clinically significant as it often results in the production of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

A) Temperate conversion
B) Lysogenic conversion
C) Specialized transduction
D) Phage conversion

Question 59

Lysogenic conversion of ________ by a temperate phage can cause toxic shock syndrome in an infected patient.

A) Vibrio cholerae
B) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
C) Escherichia coli
D) Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 60

The purpose of phage therapy is ________.

A) to use bacteriophages to destroy disease-causing bacteria
B) to use bacteria to destroy disease-causing bacteriophages
C) to use bacteria to destroy disease-causing bacteria
D) to use bacteriophages to destroy disease causing bacteriophages

Question 61

Although phage therapy is not yet approved for human use in the United States, it is considered a promising treatment of bacterial infections because ________. (Select all that apply)

A) it is highly effective
B) it spares normal bacterial microbiota
C) it has fewer side effects than antibiotic therapy
D) it is inexpensive

Question 62

When antibiotics are used to treat a viral infection, ________. (Select all that apply)

A) patients are unnecessarily put at risk of drug side effects
B) patient recovery time is significantly reduced
C) the patient's immune system is activated to enhance eliminate the pathogen
D) the patient's normal bacterial microbiota may be damaged

Question 63

The picture below shows the first step in the process of ________.

A) specialized transduction
B) the lytic cycle
C) phage therapy
D) lytic conversion

Question 64

The structure of viroids can be characterized as ________.

A) double-stranded circular RNA
B) single-stranded circular RNA
C) double-stranded linear DNA
D) single-stranded linear DNA

Question 65

Viroids exclusively infect ________.

A) animals
B) plants
C) bacteria
D) viruses

Question 66

Which of the following are found to have the ability to infect mammals? (Select all that apply.)

A) Prions
B) Viroids
C) Satellites
D) Viruses

Question 67

Which of the following requires another virus to aid in its own replication?

A) Prions
B) Viroids
C) Satellites
D) Bacteriophages

Question 68

Which of the following structures lacks protein?

A) Prions
B) Viroids
C) Satellites
D) Viruses

Question 69

The delta agent that co-infects liver cells with the hepatitis B virus is an example of a ________.

A) viroid
B) virusoid
C) virion
D) prion

Question 70

Prions are made of ________.

A) carbohydrates
B) triglycerides
C) proteins
D) DNA or RNA

Question 71

What is the normal function of PrPc, or prion protein in mammal cells?

A) Degrade toxic chemicals
B) Guard against degeneration of neurons
C) Halt protein synthesis of neurons
D) Increase the rate of degeneration of neurons

Question 72

The misfolded form of prion protein, or PrPsc, causes degeneration by ________.

A) converting PrPc into PrPsc
B) aggregating Prpc into amyloid plaques
C) converting PrPsc into PrPc
D) converting PrPsc beta pleated sheets into alpha helices