Deck 6: Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Scientists hypothesize that eukaryotic cells evolved ________.

A) 1 billion years ago
B) 2.7 billion years ago
C) 2 billion years ago
D) 2.4 billion years ago

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Why is it critical in microbiology to understand eukaryotic microorganisms?

A) because eukaryotic organisms gave rise to prokaryotic cell types.
B) because photosynthetic eukaryotes produce oxygen gas as a by-product thereby providing it for aerobic organisms.
C) because all eukaryotic microbes are pathogens to humans, other animals, and plants.
D) because eukaryotic organisms are the primary producers in all food chains.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following descriptions of eukaryotic cells is true?

A) They are 10-100X larger than prokaryotes.
B) They possess no membrane-bound organelles.
C) Their genetic material is found in the cytosol.
D) Their typical size is 100-1000 micrometers in diameter.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which characteristic explains why small cells carry out diffusion better than larger cells?

A) Smaller surface area to internal volume (SA/vol) ratio
B) Greater surface area to internal volume (SA/vol) ratio
C) Small cells have faster metabolic rates
D) Small cells generate more ATP than larger cells

Question 5

Which cell described below is more efficient at carrying out diffusion?

A) A cell with a surface area of 54µm² and volume of 27µm³
B) A cell with a surface area of 6µm² and volume of 1µm³
C) A cell with a surface area of 24µm² and a volume of 8µm³
D) A cell with a surface area of 96µm² and a volume of 64µm³

Question 6

What feature of a cell can substantially increase a cell's surface area available for diffusion without changing the internal volume?

A) Increase in number of internal membrane-bound organelles
B) Decrease in number of internal membrane-bound organelles
C) Presence of long thin projections of cell membrane
D) Presence of flagella or cilia on the outside of microorganism

Question 7

Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity?

A) Greater success in predator-prey relationships
B) Decreased life span
C) More cells available to duplicate all organismal activities
D) Organisms can grow infinitely large

Question 8

In multicellular organisms, cellular differentiation is achieved through ________.

A) mitotic division
B) gene regulation
C) increased surface area
D) cellular growth

Question 9

The structure of the plasma membrane is most appropriately described as ________.

A) a thick peptidoglycan layer with lipoteichoic acid
B) a phospholipid bilayer with proteins
C) a semi-permeable monolayer with phosphate groups
D) a thin murien layer with high amino acid content

Question 10

FACS is optimally suited to separate all of the following except

A) cells with different subsets of surface proteins
B) stem cells from non-stem cells
C) pig RBCs from human RBCs
D) bacteria from animal cells

Question 11

Select the correctly associated cell walls and their constituent molecules. (Select all correct choices)

A) Cellulose: Plants
B) Matrix polysaccharides: Fungi
C) Silica: Diatoms
D) Chitin: Red algae

Question 12

Why is ergosterol a selective antifungal target?

A) It strengthens and stabilizes cell membranes
B) It is similar in structure to cholesterol
C) It is found only in fungal cell membranes
D) It is found only in fungal cell walls

Question 13

What is the major difference between a plant cell and an animal cell when viewed from the exterior?

A) Plant cells have many external appendages
B) Plant cells have pili
C) Plant cells have organelles with double membranes
D) Plant cells have a cell wall

Question 14

Select the correctly associated organelles and functions. (Select all that apply)

A) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: photosynthesis
B) Mitochondrion: aerobic respiration
C) Chloroplast: lipid biosynthesis
D) Nucleolus: rRNA production

Question 15

Cytoplasm contains ________.

A) cytosol only
B) water and dissolved solutes
C) cytosol plus suspended organelles
D) nucleoplasm

Question 16

Which statement best describes chromosome structure in eukaryotic organisms?

A) linear DNA plus histone proteins
B) circular RNA complexed to chromatin
C) 18 S rRNA
D) small, covalently closed, circular DNA

Question 17

The purpose of mitosis is to ________.

A) produce daughter cells necessary for growth
B) produce gametes
C) produce new genetic combinations in daughter cells
D) double the number of chromosomes in daughter cells

Question 18

Somatic cells are ________ N and divide via ________.

A) 1, mitosis
B) 2, mitosis
C) 2, meiosis
D) 1, meiosis

Question 19

Gametes are ________.

A) diploid
B) triploid
C) haploid
D) tetraploid

Question 20

Which description best characterizes chromosome number and structure in a cell at metaphase of mitosis?

A) 2N, chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids
B) 1N, chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids
C) 1N, chromosomes composed of 1 chromatid
D) 2N, chromosomes composed of 1 chromatid

Question 21

Which description best characterizes chromosome number and structure in a cell at telophase II of meiosis?

A) 2N, chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids
B) 1N, chromosomes composed of 2 chromatids
C) 1N, chromosomes composed of 1 chromatid
D) 2N, chromosomes composed of 1 chromatid

Question 22

80S eukaryotic ribosomes consist of a large ________S subunit and a small ________S subunit.

A) 50; 30
B) 60; 20
C) 60; 40
D) 45; 35

Question 23

Which of the following statements about ribosomes is not true?

A) They play a role in protein synthesis
B) They are composed of rRNA, proteins, and have an outer membrane
C) They are found in association with endoplasmic reticulum
D) They exist in cytoplasm as large and small subunits

Question 24

Identify the correct combination of components in the endomembrane system.

A) plasma membrane, ER, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles
B) nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria
C) nuclear envelope, ribosomes, ER, Golgi apparatus
D) plasma membrane, ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria

Question 25

Which biomolecules are produced in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A) Proteins
B) Glycoproteins
C) Nucleic acids
D) Phospholipids

Question 26

Which activity only takes place in the Golgi apparatus?

A) Addition of carbohydrates to newly synthesized proteins
B) Polypeptide elongation by a series of enzymes in different Golgi cisterna
C) Enzymatic modification and export of newly built proteins
D) Polypeptide folding

Question 27

Identify the correct order of events in the creation of a secretory protein.
1) protein-containing vesicles released from the maturing face of the Golgi
2) protein folding and modification occur in the ER
3) ribosomes on ER synthesize a polypeptide
4) enzymatic modification of the protein in the Golgi apparatus

A) 1, 2, 4, 3
B) 1, 4, 2, 3
C) 1, 3, 4, 2
D) 3, 2, 4, 1

Question 28

Vesicles are appropriately described as ________.

A) the largest cellular storage compartments
B) being found only in plant cells
C) being able to fuse to other membranous structures in the cell
D) serving as a site for biosynthesis of needed nutrients

Question 29

Select the INCORRECTLY associated eukaryotic organism and type of vacuole.

A) Animal: Food vaculoe for nutrient storage
B) Plant: Turgor pressure regulating vacuole
C) Protozoan: Contractile vacuole for elimination of excess water
D) Plant: Contractile vacuole for elimination of excess water

Question 30

Which eukaryotic cell structure is only present in plant cells: ________.

A) central vacuole
B) mitochondrion
C) SER
D) golgi apparatus

Question 31

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) Lysosomes produce acid hydrolases
B) Peroxisomes produce acid hydrolases
C) Peroxisomes produce fatty acids
D) Lysosomes produce both catalase and oxidase

Question 32

If an organism has an inner mitochondrial membrane defect, what are the likely consequences?

A) No production of protein
B) No production of ATP
C) No production of nucleic acids
D) No production of glucose

Question 33

The stroma of chloroplasts is analogous to what structure in mitochondria?

A) Cristae
B) Inner membrane_.
C) Matrix
D) Outer membrane

Question 34

Which essential cytoskeletal component can modify cell shape?

A) Actin microfilaments
B) Intermediate filaments
C) Microtubules
D) Centrioles

Question 35

Select the INCORRECTLY associated cytoskeletal protein and function.

A) Microfilament: Cytoplasmic streaming
B) Intermediate filament: Anchoring cellular structures in fixed positions
C) Microtubule: Locomotion, directed vesicle transport
D) Centriole: chromosomal segregation
E) all associations are CORRECT

Question 36

Which cellular connections facilitate paracellular transport in animal cells?

A) Desmosomes
B) Tight junctions
C) Plasmodesmata
D) Gap junctions

Question 37

When viewing a motile eukaryotic organism with the microscope, you observe numerous, short, hair-like appendages that appear to be moving fluid over the cell surface. These structures are most likely ________.

A) flagella
B) cilia
C) pseudopodia
D) microtubules

Question 38

What essential function do spores carry out in the fungal kingdom?

A) Species dispersal
B) Nutrient metabolism
C) Cellular communication
D) Water flow

Question 39

How is Coccidiomycosis most often transmitted?

A) Inhalation of soil contaminated with fungal spores
B) Ingestion of protozoal cysts
C) Ingestion of trematode sporocysts
D) Inhalation of bacterial endospores

Question 40

O & P examination of stool looks for evidence of infection with ________.

A) bacterial pathogens
B) fungal pathogens
C) protozoal pathogens
D) viral pathogens

Question 41

Which of the following is an important characteristic of cysts?

A) They reproduce via mitosis
B) They have an environmentally sensitive outer layer
C) They give rise to trophozoites under appropriate conditions
D) They are metabolically active

Question 42

Which group of eukaryotic organisms produces sporocysts?

A) Fungi
B) Plants
C) Algae
D) Trematodes

Question 43

Which event is best explained by the autogenous hypothesis?

A) Invagination of the plasma membrane led to creation of the nucleus.
B) The Golgi apparatus originated from a symbiotic relationship with ingested organisms.
C) The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
D) Eukaryotic cells resulted from competition between prokaryotic cells for limited resources.

Question 44

The endosymbiotic hypothesis ________.

A) explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts
B) explains the origins of RER and the Golgi apparatus
C) describes a self-generated, "do-it-yourself" process
D) explains the presence of nuclear pores

Question 45

Mitochondria share all of these features with bacteria except

A) they are similar in size to a bacteria
B) they contain 70S ribosomes
C) they undergo mitosis
D) they have cytochromes of the electron transport chain imbedded in a structural membrane

Question 46

An explosion of multicellular organisms took place approximately ________.

A) 2 million years ago
B) 60 million years ago
C) 600 million years ago
D) 20 million years ago

Question 47

Multicellular organisms arose due to ________.

A) a substantial rise in oxygen levels in earth's atmosphere
B) a substantial rise in CO₂ levels in earth's atmosphere
C) the transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments
D) extinction of unicellular organisms

Question 48

Eukaryotic organisms are grouped based upon analysis of ________.

A) 18S rRNA
B) 16S rRNA
C) 60S rRNA
D) 80S ribosomes

Question 49

Study of the 18S rRNA gene sequences in plants suggests that the group is ________.

A) monophyletic
B) descended from multiple ancestors
C) arose several times in early earth's history
D) polyphyletic

Question 50

Further analysis of rRNA has shown that ________.

A) the first single celled eukaryotes named protozoa all evolved from a common ancestor
B) all of the photosynthetic Eukaryote microorganisms diverged from a single common ancestor
C) photosynthetic eukaryotes like algae evolved before the protozoa
D) most single-celled eukaryotes evolved from many different ancestral forms