Deck 5: Prokaryote Organisms

Question 1

Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotes cells? (Select all that apply)

A) 80S ribosome
B) True membrane-bound organelles
C) Replication via binary fission
D) Structurally complex cell wall.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotes cells?

A) Genetic information carried by DNA in several linear chromosomes
B) Many complex membrane-bound organelles
C) 70S ribosomes
D) Absent or structurally simple cell walls

Answer 2

C

Question 3

How do bacteria help us as humans? (Select all that apply)

A) Normal microbiota protects us from infection
B) Aids digestion of cellulose in herbivores
C) Degrades environmental contaminants
D) Increases soil fertility

Answer 3

A,B,C,D

Question 4

Which of the following statements is true? (Select all that apply)

A) Most known microbes are pathogenic.
B) Genetically altered bacteria make pesticides, biofuels and medications.
C) Bacteria fix nitrogen.
D) Bacteria are used to manufacture cheese, yogurt, pickles and chocolate.

Question 5

How do prokaryotes help to sustain life on Earth? (Select all that apply)

A) Photosynthetic prokaryotes produce glucose and oxygen gas used by all other aerobic organisms.
B) Only prokaryotes can perform nitrogen fixation.
C) CH₄ generating bacteria live within roots of legumes and other plants.
D) Prokaryotes live in symbiotic relationships in stomachs of grazing animals to give them nutrients from plant material.

Question 6

What is the correct definition of commensalism?

A) Type of symbiosis in which neither organism benefits nor is harmed.
B) Type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits but the other is unaffected.
C) Type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit.
D) Type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

Question 7

What is the correct definition of parasitism?

A) Type of symbiosis in which neither organism benefits nor is harmed.
B) Type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits but the other is unaffected.
C) Type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit.
D) Type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

Question 8

What is the correct definition of mutualism?

A) Type of symbiosis in which neither organism benefits nor is harmed.
B) Type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits but the other is unaffected.
C) Type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit.
D) Type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

Question 9

Rhizobium bacteria form root nodules which fix N₂ in beans. This is an example of (Select all that apply)

A) Symbiosis
B) Mutualism
C) Commensalism
D) Parasitism

Question 10

Enterococcus faecalis grows in the large intestine. This is an example of (Select all that apply)

A) Symbiosis
B) Mutualism
C) Commensalism
D) Parasitism

Question 11

Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease. This is an example of (Select all that apply)

A) Symbiosis
B) Mutualism
C) Commensalism
D) Parasitism

Question 12

Which of the following represents a mutualistic symbiotic relationship?

A) Rhizobium and bean roots
B) Enterococcus in colon
C) Agrobacterium tumefaciens and plant cells
D) Zika virus and mosquitos

Question 13

Which bacterial organelle determines the shape of the cell?

A) Nucleoid
B) Cell wall
C) Outer membrane
D) Plasma membrane

Question 14

Bacteria that demonstrate ________ have slight variations of shapes within the same species and may appear on a slide with these different shapes.

A) neomorphism
B) pleiomorphism
C) polymorphism
D) micromorphism

Question 15

The literal translation of the term bacillus is ________.

A) coil
B) wave
C) staff
D) kernel

Question 16

The literal translation of the term spirillum is ________.

A) coiled hair
B) coil
C) wave
D) staff

Question 17

Which bacterial term means wave?

A) Bacillus
B) Vibrio
C) Spirillum
D) Spirochete

Question 18

Which bacterial term means kernel?

A) Bacillus
B) Vibrio
C) Spirillum
D) Coccus

Question 19

The image shown is ________-shaped bacteria.

A) vibrio
B) spirilla
C) spirochete
D) fusiform

Question 20

The image shown is ________-shaped bacteria.

A) vibrio
B) spirilla
C) spirochete
D) fusiform

Question 21

The image shown is ________-shaped bacteria.

A) spirilla
B) spirochete
C) fusiform
D) vibio

Question 22

How would you describe rod-shaped bacteria linked together to form long chains?

A) Staphylococci
B) Staphylobacilli
C) Streptococci
D) Streptobacilli

Question 23

How are species-specific arrangements of bacterial cells produced?

A) Daughter cells dividing in different planes and remaining attached to each other
B) Daughter cells dividing in the same plane and remaining attached to each other
C) Daughter cells dividing in the same plane but separating
D) Daughter cells dividing in the same plane but only partially separating

Question 24

In a clinical microbiology lab, what is the first step in identification of a pathogen from a patient sample?

A) Simple Stain to determine cell size, shape and arrangement
B) Negative stain to determine presence of capsule
C) Gram stain for morphological analysis of cell wall plus size, shape and arrangement
D) Flagellar stain to determine presence of flagella

Question 25

The image shown is ________-shaped bacteria.

A) bacillus
B) diplobacillus
C) diplococcus
D) coccobacilli

Question 26

The image shown is ________-shaped bacteria.

A) staphylococcus
B) streptococcus
C) tetrad
D) sarcinae

Question 27

The image shown is ________-shaped bacteria.

A) staphylococcus
B) streptococcus
C) tetrad
D) sarcinae

Question 28

The image shown is ________-shaped bacteria.

A) staphylococcus
B) streptococcus
C) tetrad
D) sarcinae

Question 29

The image shown is ________-shaped bacteria.

A) filamentous
B) hyphal
C) appendaged
D) fusiform

Question 30

What part of a bacterial cell wall prevents osmotic lysis?

A) Outer membrane
B) Plasma membrane
C) Peptidoglycan
D) Techoic acids

Question 31

What is the function of the cell wall? (Select all that apply)

A) Determines cell shape
B) Prevents cell lysis in hypotonic environments
C) Prevents cell lysis in hypertonic environments
D) Anchors flagella

Question 32

Peptidoglycan contains ________. (Select all that apply)

A) disaccharides linked to peptide sidechains
B) peptidoglycan monomers joined to form glycan chains
C) formation of 3-dimensional network via directly-linked tetrapeptide side chains or tetrapeptide side chains linked by pentaglycine crossbridges
D) disaccharides made from N-acetyl-galactosamine and N-propyl-muramic acid

Question 33

How do molecules pass through peptidoglycan to get into the cell?

A) Simple diffusion through pores in peptidoglycan that formed as a result of incomplete crosslinking
B) Active transport through protein pores
C) Facilitated diffusion through protein pores
D) Endocytosis across the peptidoglycan barrier

Question 34

A gram-positive bacterial cell placed in a hypertonic solution (one with a higher solute concentration than the cell contents) would

A) Increase in volume and lyse
B) Remain the same
C) Decrease in volume
D) Increase in volume but would be protected from lysis by the cell wall

Question 35

N-acetyl-glucosamine is linked to ________.

A) N-acetyl-muramic acid
B) the pentaglycine crossbridge
C) the tetrapeptide sidechain
D) N-acetyl-glucosamine

Question 36

Chemicals produced by the human body will destroy bacterial cell walls. An example of this is ________.

A) vancomycin
B) penicillin
C) lysozyme
D) lipopolysaccharide

Question 37

What are the main structural features of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria? (Select all that apply)

A) 6 to 12 layers of glycan sheets to produce a thick wall
B) Chains of teichoic acids
C) Outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides
D) Embedded porin proteins

Question 38

What is the function of chains of teichoic acids in a Gram-positive bacterium? (Select all that apply)

A) Regulation of cation flow
B) Attachment to host tissues in some pathogens like Streptococcus
C) Provide protection from negatively charged phagocytic cells
D) Regulation of cell growth and division

Question 39

How does peptidoglycan in Gram-negative bacterial cells differ from that in Gram-positive bacterial cells? (Select all that apply)

A) There are only 1 to 3 layers of glycan sheets
B) Teichoic acids are present
C) There is a direct crosslinkage between tetrapeptide side chains
D) There is an outer membrane

Question 40

A unique feature of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is the presence of an outer membrane. Which statement is true concerning this feature?

A) The outermembrane contains techoic acids linked to lipid A
B) Contains the lipopolysaccharide, a pathogenic endotoxin
C) Membrane consists of a bilayer of phospholipids
D) Membrane consists of a bilayer of lipopolysaccharides

Question 41

With two membranes and a peptidoglycan layer, how does a Gram-negative cell move small, polar metabolites across the outer membrane?

A) Active transport
B) Facilitated diffusion through porin proteins
C) Use of small microvesicles containing autolysin
D) Simple diffusion across the lipopolysaccharide layer

Question 42

In gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane, unlike the plasma membrane, contains ________ and ________.

A) porin proteins; lipopolysaccharides
B) a phospholipid bilayer; lipopolysaccharides
C) porin proteins; techoic acids
D) mannose-containing lipoproteins; chitin

Question 43

The function of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is to (Select all that apply)

A) Allow small metabolites such as sugars, amino acids and nucleotides to diffuse through porin proteins
B) Pinch off small microvesicles that contain autolysin
C) Restrict the free diffusion of some antibiotics
D) Prevent osmotic lysis of the cell

Question 44

Mycobacteria ________.

A) have acid-fast cell walls
B) have cell walls which contain mycolic acids linked to disaccharides
C) contains an outer hydrophobic layer high in lipids
D) are gram negative

Question 45

Mycobacteria are ________.

A) gram positive
B) gram negative
C) wall-less
D) acid fast

Question 46

Mycoplasma are ________.

A) gram positive
B) gram negative
C) wall-less
D) acid fast

Question 47

Ureaplasmas and Mycoplasmas ________.(Select all that apply)

A) have no cell wall
B) are intracellular pathogens
C) can only live in hypotonic environments
D) stain gram positive

Question 48

A bacterial capsule ________. (Select all that apply)

A) is a glycocalyx that is gel-like and firmly attached to the cell
B) can enable bacteria to attach firmly to a surface
C) can enable bacteria to avoid phagocytosis
D) is a glycocalyx that is more fluid than a gel and is loosely attached to the cell

Question 49

The slime layer functions to ________.

A) prevent phagocytosis
B) enhance attachment to surfaces
C) protect from desiccations
D) prevent osmotic lysis

Question 50

Proper dental hygiene requires both brushing and flossing to remove plaque and prevent dental disease. Why is the glycocalyx of many oral bacteria responsible for these problems? (Select all that apply)

A) Capsule of Streptococcus mutans allows it to attach to tooth surface
B) Attachment of bacteria form oral biofilms known as plaque
C) Fermentation of sucrose by bacterial cells produces acid that causes tooth decay or cavities
D) The capsule of Streptococcus mutans prevents phagocytosis

Question 51

How do pili differ from fimbriae?

A) Pili are more numerous with 100-400 per cell
B) Only pili function in attachment to cells
C) Only pili are found in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
D) Only pili can be used for gene transfer and cell movement

Question 52

The multiple hairlike extensions of the bacterial cell used for attachment are ________, and the long extension used for the transfer of genetic material is a ________.

A) pili; fimbria
B) fimbriae; pilus
C) flagella; pilus
D) pili; flagellum

Question 53

How do pili move bacterial cells?

A) They are driven by a rotor embedded in the cell wall
B) As they twist, they propel the cell forward analogous the propeller on a boat
C) The tip of a pilus adheres to a surface and then shortens, causing the cell to be dragged forward
D) They produce a wave like undulating motion that moves the cell forward

Question 54

Peritrichous flagella(um) are(is) ________.

A) flagella arranged all over the cell's entire surface
B) a tuft of flagella found at one end of cell
C) either a single flagellum or tuft of flagella found at both ends of the cell
D) one flagellum found at one end of cell

Question 55

The term that describes tuft of flagella found at one end of cell is ________.

A) monotrichous
B) amphitrichous
C) lophotrichous
D) peritrichous

Question 56

The term that describes either a single flagellum or tuft of flagella found at both ends of the cell is ________.

A) monotrichous
B) amphitrichous
C) lophotrichous
D) peritrichous

Question 57

________ use axial filaments for movement.

A) Spirochetes
B) Spirilla-shaped
C) Fusiform-shaped
D) Appendaged bacteria

Question 58

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) The bacterial flagellum is made of a filament, hook and basal body.
B) Internal flagella called axial filaments enable spirochetes to move through thick mucous.
C) Bacteria with flagella are less pathogenic because they cannot invade host tissues.
D) Flagella must be coated with special stains to increase their diameter if they are to be seen with a light microscope.

Question 59

The cytoplasm ________. (Select all that apply)

A) is a viscous gel-like solution that slows rate of diffusion within cells
B) contains a mixture of soluble ions, metabolites and macromolecules
C) has filamentous proteins that make up cytoskeleton
D) determines the pH and osmotic pressure of the cell

Question 60

Internal structures of bacteria do not include ________.

A) nucleoid
B) ribosomes
C) mitochondria
D) cytoskeleton

Question 61

Transport mechanisms across bacterial plasma membranes do not include ________.

A) simple diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport
D) endocytosis

Question 62

The bacterial cell membrane is composed of ________. (Select all that apply)

A) a phospholipid bilayer
B) embedded proteins
C) steroids
D) embedded carbohydrates

Question 63

Which function of the cell membrane is incorrectly matched?

A) Oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely across the membrane via simple diffusion
B) Active transport is used to concentrate needed metabolites into the cell
C) Facilitated diffusion allows ions to move against their concentration gradient
D) Active transport can use ATP as an energy source

Question 64

Which bacterial organelle is one circular strand of DNA?

A) Nucleoid
B) Peptidoglycan
C) 70S Ribosome
D) Inclusion body

Question 65

Which of the following statements about the bacterial chromosome is incorrect?

A) It has between 0.5-10 million base pairs.
B) It is contained in the nucleus.
C) Transcription only occurs on the outer surface of the coiled chromosome.
D) It contains about 800 genes are needed to produce essential cellular enzymes and structural components.

Question 66

What is(are) the structural component(s) of the 70S ribosome? (Select all that apply)

A) rRNA
B) tRNA
C) ribosomal proteins
D) peptidoglycan

Question 67

Bacterial ribosomes ________. (Select all that apply)

A) are the smallest organelle in the cell
B) are composed of about 50 different r-proteins in their 2 subunits
C) are composed of 5 rRNAs
D) function in the translation of mRNA

Question 68

During periods of rapid growth, bacteria ________. (Select all that apply)

A) have about 200,000 ribosomes per cell
B) utilize 90% of cellular ATP in protein synthesis
C) have 3 tRNAs to help assemble amino acids into proteins
D) assemble r-proteins on rRNA scaffolding

Question 69

An inclusion body can ________. (Select all that apply)

A) allow aquatic cyanobacteria to stay afloat
B) provide phosphorus for synthesis of ATP
C) store a carbohydrate source for synthesis of ATP
D) converts CO₂ into glucose

Question 70

Glycogen granules in a bacterial cell ________.

A) allow aquatic cyanobacteria to stay afloat
B) provide phosphorus for synthesis of ATP
C) store a carbohydrate source for synthesis of ATP
D) converts CO₂ into glucose

Question 71

In a bacterial cell, a(an) ________ allows aquatic cyanobacteria to stay afloat.

A) Glycogen
B) Gas Vesicle
C) Thylakoid
D) Polyphosphate granules

Question 72

In a bacterial cell, ________ converts CO₂ into glucose.

A) Inclusion Body
B) Glycogen
C) Gas Vesicle
D) Thylakoid

Question 73

What is not a major characteristic of a plasmid?

A) Plasmids carry from 1-100s of genes not usually essential for life in a typical environment.
B) All bacteria contain at least 1 or 2 plasmids
C) Plasmids typically provide a selective advantage in unusual environments
D) Plasmids replicate independently of chromosomes

Question 74

Inclusion bodies typically ________.

A) enable the cell to survive heat and desiccation
B) are membrane-bound organelles
C) function to store materials for the cell
D) contain only inorganic chemicals

Question 75

Endospores produced by the genera Bacillus and Clostridium are of clinical concern because ________. (Select all that apply)

A) they are responsible for infections with a high case fatality rate such as anthrax, gas gangrene, botulism and tetanus
B) they have thick protein walls that make them resistant to disinfectants and antibiotics
C) they are highly resistant to harsh environmental conditions.
D) they are only destroyed by using alcohol-based gels

Question 76

In the first step of bacterial sporulation, the ________.

A) endospore is released from the cell
B) DNA is replicated
C) chromosome is surrounded by a tough cortex and spore coat
D) plasma membrane encompasses the DNA

Question 77

The correct order of steps in the process of sporulation are:
1) nucleoid replication
2) formation of forespore
3) peptidoglycan laid down between membrane layers of spore septum
4) thick protective protein coat forms exterior to peptidoglycan
5) host cell undergoes lysis to release endospore
6) free endospore created

A) 1, 3, 2, 4. 5, 6
B) 2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 6
C) 1, 4, 2, 3, 6, 5
D) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Question 78

Endospores ________. (Select all that apply)

A) are chemical resistant
B) can survive after being frozen for 10,000 years
C) can survive after fossilization in amber for 25 million years
D) are easily killed by boiling

Question 79

According to the hypothesis of the evolution of life on earth, the common ancestor cell must have had ________. (Select all that apply)

A) selectively permeable plasma membrane
B) only DNA for genetic information
C) ATP for energy source
D) basic metabolic pathways

Question 80

Which of the following groups are most closely related?

A) Flagellates and spirochetes
B) Animals and methanogens
C) Ciliates and slime molds
D) Cyanobacteria and extreme halophiles