Deck 10: Voluntary Movements of Infancy

Question 1

When does voluntary movement begin to appear in most infants?

A) At around the first year of life
B) At around the eighteenth month of life
C) At around the sixth month of life
D) At around the fourth week of life

Answer 1

D

Question 2

As the subcortically produced reflexes gradually disappear, what happens?

A) The diameter of the dendrites slowly increase, accelerating the velocity of the stimulation
B) The diameters of the dendrites slowly decrease, decelerating the velocity of the stimulation
C) Motor nerve cell activity decreases
D) Involuntary movements increase and primitive reflexes predominate

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following are is not a voluntary movement of infants?

A) Crawling
B) Rolling over
C) Skipping
D) Sitting

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What does locomotion refer to?

A) Voluntary use of the hands
B) Head control
C) Upright posture
D) Creeping and crawling

Question 5

The term cephalocaudal refers to movements that begin here.

A) At the toes
B) At the fingers
C) At the head
D) At the middle of the body

Question 6

Which of the following is true about the initial stages of body control?

A) The progression begins at about 8 months of age
B) The forearms and hands play a minimal role
C) The forearms and hands play a primary role
D) Infants will attempt to roll from a supine to a prone position only with manual assistance from an adult

Question 7

Rochat's (1992) study of the effect of the ability to "self-sit" on the development of early eye-hand coordination found which of the following?

A) Nonsitters contact objects more frequently than do sitters.
B) Nonsitters tend to reach more with one hand in all positions.
C) All infants have the least success while in the prone position.
D) All infants have the least success while in the supine position.

Question 8

Which of the following is one of the first major motor milestones?

A) Raising the head when prone
B) Raising the head when supine
C) Rolling over from front to back
D) Rolling over from back to front

Question 9

At approximately 12 months of age, what can an infant usually do?

A) Roll from supine to prone position
B) Sit when holding an external supporting object
C) Sit alone
D) Roll from supine to prone, sit alone, and sit when holding an external object

Question 10

The development of sitting facilitates which of the following?

A) Object manipulation
B) Visual location of objects
C) Freeing of the hands for reaching and grasping
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 11

According to Adolph, Vereijken, and Denny (1998), what do the keys to crawling include?

A) A strict progression of obligatory stages
B) The use of one or two prescribed crawling postures
C) Experience that is directly related to speed and efficientcy of crawling development
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 12

In the first attempts to descend stairs during infancy, what will most infants do?

A) Try to crawl down face first
B) Attempt to walk down using a hand hold
C) Crawl down leading with the feet
D) Slide down on their rear end

Question 13

Research has determined which of the following about infants who are early walkers?

A) They may develop higher intelligence
B) They do not necessarily have accelerated or refined skill performance later in life
C) They will not develop verbal skills as early as late walkers
D) They may develop higher intelligence AND will not develop verbal skills as early as late walkers

Question 14

What is believed about children who walk somewhat earlier than other children?

A) They possess smaller bones or linear frames
B) They possess larger bones and larger frames
C) They possess more muscle mass
D) They possess more body fat

Question 15

Reaching starts s early as:

A) Three months of gestation.
B) Birth.
C) Three months of age.
D) Five months of age.

Question 16

Movement babbling of the arms involves:

A) Vocalizations while moving the arms.
B) Use of the hands to manipulate the lips.
C) Haphazard and unintentional movements of the arms.
D) None of the above.

Question 17

According to researchers, goal-directed reaching can be characterized by:

A) More consistency in reaching.
B) Attempts to simplify the movement.
C) A more gross, jerky, whole arm movement of variable speed.
D) All of the above.

Question 18

By approximately 18 months of age, children exhibit the ability to do which of the following?

A) Adjust arm and hand tension upon repeatedly receiving the same object
B) Receive three or more toys
C) Cross midline to hand toys to another person
D) Adjust arm and hand tension, receive three or more toys, and cross the midline to hand toys to another person

Question 19

When does "purposeful" reaching in infancy begin; it is characterized by the use of how many hands?

A) At around 4 months and is characterized by the use of two hands
B) At around 4 months and is characterized by the use on one hand
C) At around 7 months and is characterized by the use of two hands
D) At around 7 months and is characterized by the use of one hand

Question 20

What do the following sentences refer to :
-"….the ultimate expression in the striated muscle of integrated effects of a host of cortical and subcortical facilitory and inhibitory influences."

Question 21

What do the following sentences refer to :
-the voluntary use of the hands.

Question 22

What do the following sentences refer to :
-according to experts, not public opinion, it is the most mature form of prone locomotion often beginning around 7 to 9 months of age.

Question 23

What do the following sentences refer to :
-according to experts, not public opinion, this form of motion precedes creeping.

Question 24

What do the following sentences refer to :
-a crawling pattern where the right leg moves forward as the right arm moves back.

Question 25

What do the following sentences refer to :
-a transport phase where reaching ability improves by adjusting the speed of the reach in various reaching situations. It is also characterized by exploratory swipes at objects and considerable trial and error.

Question 26

What do the following sentences refer to :
-a crawling pattern in which the limbs on the same side of the body move back and forth simultaneously, in unison.

Question 27

What do the following sentences refer to :
-includes creeping and crawling and all of their variations.

Question 28

What do the following sentences refer to :
-reaching where the infant shows signs of having a pre-plan for the reach and grasp as the process becomes a means to achieve a goal.

Question 29

What do the following sentences refer to :
-movement involving both hands, the complementary use of the hands.

Question 30

Voluntary movement becomes the dominant form of movement midway through the first year of postnatal life.

Question 31

When born, the baby typically has virtually no voluntary control over the head or neck.

Question 32

Research by Rochat indicates that self-sitting is an important component for the use of the hands in reaching activities.

Question 33

In research on the development of crawling, fairly strict stages were found to exist for most babies.

Question 34

Larger, chubbier babies generally crawl earlier than smaller, slimmer, more naturally proportioned babies.

Question 35

A homolateral crawling pattern is characterized by the limbs on the same side simultaneously moving forward and backward (e.g., as the right leg goes forward, so does the right arm).

Question 36

Considerable evidence indicates that babies who walk earlier possess accelerated or more refined movement skill later in life.

Question 37

In research on infants ascending stairs, most infants first ascended by crawling, using their hands and knees, or in some cases their hands and feet.

Question 38

Reaching behaviors actually start before a baby is born.

Question 39

Though visual acuity is lacking at birth, it often achieves adult levels by the end of the first year of life.