Deck 7: Cultural Identity Development

Question 1

According to Erickson (1950/1963), one of the major developmental tasks for human beings is developing ____________.

A) identity
B) discovery
C) personality
D) physical ability

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In which of these domains does the search for an identity take place?

A) Physical appearance
B) Gender roles
C) Career plans
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is an important part of the identity development process for adolescents from cultural minority groups?

A) They must strive to gain the highest education.
B) They must improve their socioeconomic status.
C) They must cope with society's reactions to their "other-ness."
D) They must strive to assimilate as soon as possible.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Beverly Tatum, when do African Americans begin to view themselves in terms of race?

A) As soon as they are born
B) As early adolescents
C) As young adults
D) Never

Question 5

In the study conducted by Clark and Clark (1939), African American children viewed the _________ dolls as the most appealing.

A) Black
B) White
C) Mexican
D) Asian

Question 6

"All individuals are, in some respects, like all other individuals" illustrates which level of the tripartite model?

A) Group level
B) Universal level
C) Individual level
D) Collective level

Question 7

The Clark and Clark (1939) doll study had widespread influence in the field of psychology and beyond, including being used as evidence in which Supreme Court case?

A) Brown vs. Board of Education
B) Plessy vs. Ferguson
C) Dred Scott vs. Sandford
D) Gibbons vs. Ogden

Question 8

Nigrescence is the process of

A) becoming cultured in the Black community.
B) becoming Black.
C) wishing you were not Black.
D) feeling ashamed of being Black.

Question 9

Which of the following is the first stage of "nigrescence"?

A) Encounter
B) Immersion/emersion
C) Pre-encounter
D) Internalization

Question 10

Which stage in the process of "nigrescence" is the stage where individuals experience some significant or startling event that forces them to reevaluate their previous ideas about race?

A) Encounter
B) Immersion/emersion
C) Pre-encounter
D) Internalization

Question 11

Parham and Helms (1981) constructed the _________________ to measure Cross' stages of nigrescence.

A) Multicultural Attitude Scale (MAS)
B) Identity Attitude Scale (IDS)
C) Social Desirability Scale (SDS)
D) Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS)

Question 12

Mike notices the inconsistencies in his attitudes. For example, he won't buy a German-made car because of the atrocities committed by the Germans in World War II, but he buys Japanese cars even though he knows about the atrocities committed by the Japanese against the Chinese. Mike's ability to be self-critical places him in which of Cross' stages of nigrescence?

A) Pre-encounter
B) Encounter
C) Internalization
D) Immersion/emersion

Question 13

In Helms' first status of European American racial identity development, contact:

A) people are aware of racism.
B) European American people are unaware and uninformed about racism.
C) European American people are socialized with other races.
D) European American people identify most with African Americans.

Question 14

According to Helms, the stage of European American racial identity development in which the person concludes that the solution to racism is changing Blacks and not European Americans is known as

A) reintegration.
B) pseudoindependence.
C) immersion.
D) contact.

Question 15

The fourth status in Helms' model of European American racial identity development is ______________, which marks the first phase in the development of a nonracist European American identity.

A) disintegration
B) pseudoindependence
C) autonomy
D) immersion/emersion

Question 16

The disappointment and guilt that Janene felt after she learned about the injustices suffered by Native Americans place her in which status of European American identity development?

A) Contact
B) Pseudoindependence
C) Autonomy
D) Disintegration

Question 17

When TV host Bill O'Reilly went to dinner in Harlem with the Rev. Al Sharpton, he expressed surprise that there were no differences between a Black-owned restaurant and a European American-owned one. This story was used in the textbook to illustrate the _________________ status of European American identity development.

A) Disintegration
B) Immersion/emersion
C) Contact
D) Discontinuity

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions of Ruiz' (1990) model of Chicano/Latino identity development?

A) Marginality has a high correlation with maladjustment.
B) Forced assimilation produces negative consequences.
C) Pride in one's own ethnic identity restricts one's freedom of choice.
D) Pride in one's own ethnic identity has a positive correlation with mental health.

Question 19

By the time Maria Teresa was in middle school, all of her friends were European American and she told everyone she was a foreign exchange student. What stage of Chicano/Latino identity development does this represent?

A) Causal
B) Working through
C) Successful resolution
D) Consequence

Question 20

As Maria Teresa got older, she remembers hating having to translate for her parents, feeling embarrassed of them, and embarrassed to be Mexican. To her at that stage, Mexicans were "beaners" and "spics" who ate lots of beans and had lots of kids. What stage of Chicano/Latino identity development does this represent?

A) Causal
B) Cognitive
C) Working through
D) Successful resolution

Question 21

Which stage of Chicano/Latino identity development marks the beginning of a healthier and integrated ethnic identity, where the person increases his/her ethnic consciousness and reintegrates and reconnects with his/her ethnic identity and ethnic community?

A) Cognitive
B) Consequence
C) Working through
D) Successful resolution

Question 22

According to Nadal (2004), one of the limitations of Asian American models of ethnic identity is that they fail to

A) address intragroup differences and fully explain the heterogeneity in the Asian/Pacific Islander community.
B) address the racism and discrimination faced by Asian Americans.
C) discuss Asians' experiences in their country of origin.
D) compare the experiences of Asians with other racial and ethnic groups in the United States.

Question 23

Which of the following stages is part of Poston's five-stage model of biracial identity development?

A) Integration
B) Enmeshment/denial
C) Personal identity
D) Identity confusion

Question 24

In terms of multiracial identity, "hypodescension" means

A) the multiracial person primarily identifies with the lower-status culture in this country.
B) the multiracial person primarily identifies as being European American, or with the higher-status culture in this country.
C) the person does not strongly identify with either culture.
D) the person has created his/her own unique culture.

Question 25

According to Root (2004), the resolution in which the multiracial person primarily identifies with European American culture or the higher-status culture has

A) developed a symbolic identity.
B) accepted the identity society assigns.
C) identified with a new "mixed race" group.
D) identified with both racial groups.

Question 26

According to Cass, the first stage that young people go through when questioning their sexual identity is ______________.

A) identity comparison
B) identity discovery
C) identity rejection
D) identity confusion

Question 27

In Cass' model of sexual identity development, identity synthesis is when an individual

A) realizes that he/she is gay or lesbian.
B) integrates his/her sexual identity with his/her other identities.
C) is confused regarding his/her sexual orientation.
D) thinks that all European American people are gay.

Question 28

According to Cass, at this stage the non-heterosexual child recognizes how he/she is different.

A) Identity acceptance
B) Identity confusion
C) Identity tolerance
D) Identity comparison

Question 29

________________ is the process by which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual openly expresses his/her sexual orientation.

A) Nigrescence
B) Acculturation
C) Coming out
D) Racial identity development

Question 30

Who proposed a series of stages for sexual identity development?

A) Cross
B) Cass
C) Helms
D) Sue

Question 31

When he was a young boy, Rudy noticed that, unlike other little boys, he enjoyed hanging out with his female cousins, playing with dolls, and admiring male television stars. What stage of sexual identity development does this describe?

A) Identity tolerance
B) Identity comparison
C) Identity synthesis
D) Identity confusion

Question 32

During this stage of sexual identity development, feeling "different" or like the "other" causes the child or adolescent to withdraw from family members and peers.

A) Identity confusion
B) Identity pride
C) Identity acceptance
D) Identity comparison

Question 33

What is the final stage of sexual identity development?

A) Identity acceptance
B) Identity pride
C) Identity synthesis
D) Identity tolerance

Question 34

What stage of sexual identity development is typically described as "being in the closet"?

A) Identity confusion
B) Identity tolerance
C) Identity acceptance
D) Identity pride

Question 35

At what stage of identity development does the non-heterosexual person "come out of the closet" and find ways to explore, express, and celebrate his/her newly found voice?

A) Identity comparison
B) Identity confusion
C) Identity synthesis
D) Identity pride

Question 36

Each stage in the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model addresses how the individual

A) feels about him/herself, others of the same group, others of another minority group, and members of the majority or dominant group.
B) expresses his/her minority cultural values to members of the majority or dominant group.
C) assimilates and accommodates his/her own minority racial and cultural values to members of the majority or dominant group.
D) resolves moral dilemmas.

Question 37

Which stage of the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model represents a stage where members of the dominant groups are respected, admired, and emulated?

A) Dissonance stage
B) Introspection stage
C) Conformity stage
D) Integrative awareness stage

Question 38

The dissonance stage in the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model says an individual

A) is constantly reinforced by society regarding his/her beliefs.
B) encounters contradictory information regarding his/her beliefs.
C) completely espouses minority views and rejects the dominant culture.
D) shows a strong preference for the values and beliefs of the dominant culture.

Question 39

In the resistance and immersion stage of the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, a person

A) rejects the minority's view and accepts the dominant culture.
B) accepts the minority's view and rejects the dominant culture.
C) rejects the minority's view and rejects the dominant culture.
D) appreciates both the positive and negative aspects of both cultures.

Question 40

In the introspection stage of the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, a person

A) moves away from his/her beliefs and toward the dominant culture.
B) moves away from complete immersion in his/her own group into greater autonomy.
C) moves away from both his/her beliefs and the dominant group's.
D) becomes selfish.

Question 41

In the integrative awareness stage of the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, a person

A) rejects all aspects of the dominant culture and accepts his/her own culture.
B) appreciates the positive and negative aspects of both his/her own and the dominant culture.
C) accepts the dominant culture but rejects his/her own.
D) assimilates into the dominant culture.

Question 42

The racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model

A) explains the coming out process.
B) describes the stages of nigrescence.
C) is a measure of cultural identity development.
D) is a comprehensive model that pulls together the common features of all the different group identity development models.

Question 43

Clarence is African American, but he believes African Americans are lazy and dumb and should try to work harder so they can be as successful as European American people. According to the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, what stage is Clarence in?

A) Dissonance
B) Conformity
C) Introspection
D) Integrative awareness

Question 44

George's belief that African Americans are lazy and dumb was challenged when he was assigned to work with Tyrone, an African American peer, on a group project. George saw what a hard worker Tyrone was. According to the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, what stage is George in?

A) Resistance and immersion
B) Integrative awareness
C) Dissonance
D) Conformity

Question 45

Malik feels proud of his African American heritage, but clearly recognizes both the strengths and weaknesses of his group. At the same time, he enjoys reaching out to and learning about other cultural groups. According to the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, what stage is Malik in?

A) Introspection
B) Integrative awareness
C) Resistance and immersion
D) Dissonance

Question 46

This model specifically addresses how the individual feels about him/herself, others of the same group, others of another minority group, and members of the majority or dominant group.

A) Five-stage model of biracial identity development
B) Racial and cultural identity development model
C) "Nigrescence" model
D) Davis model of racial identity development

Question 47

According to the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, what stage is characterized by appreciating other minority groups and selectively appreciating the dominant group?

A) Integrative awareness
B) Interactive awareness
C) Conformity
D) Introspection

Question 48

According to the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model, at what stage is someone most likely to say, "I can't stand White people! I don't trust them. They think they know it all and are so fake!"

A) Conformity
B) Dissonance
C) Introspection
D) Resistance and immersion

Question 49

Celeste moved from trying to fit in with her European American friends to finding the beauty in her own Pilipino culture. This story illustrates Celeste's movement from ____________ to _________ in the racial and cultural identity development (R/CID) model.

A) introspection; integrative awareness
B) dissonance; resistance
C) pre-encounter; encounter
D) conformity; dissonance

Question 50

Connor is European American, but most of Connor's friends are African American. He likes to listen to hip-hop and jazz, and enjoys eating out at soul food restaurants. At his university, he was active in the Black Student Union, sang in the gospel choir, and pledged a traditionally African American fraternity. If you ask him, he will tell you that he feels more comfortable being with African Americans than he does with European Americans. What kind of racial/ethnic identity does Connor have?

A) An immersion identity
B) An affiliative identity
C) A conflicted identity
D) A pseudoindependent identity

Question 51

Persons who claim ownership of cultural artifacts or processes from an ethnic group outside their own without a deep investment and commitment to that cultural group are said to be engaging in "cultural appropriation." Which industry is particularly known for engaging in cultural appropriation?

A) The food industry
B) The medical establishment
C) The music industry
D) The clothing industry

Question 52

All of the cultural identity development models sound similar because of the influence of the original model proposed by

A) Cross.
B) Parham and Helms.
C) Atkinson, Morton, and Sue.
D) Clark and Clark.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the cultural identity development models?

A) They propose a linear progression through each of the stages.
B) They have contributed significantly to our understanding of human behavior and our diverse society.
C) Not all minorities go through a stage where they idealize Whiteness and denigrate their own group.
D) They assume one definition of mental health.

Question 54

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding cultural identity development?

A) People may cycle back and forth through the stages across the life span.
B) People may have an experience that throws them back to the encounter or immersion/emersion stage.
C) All people progress through the stages in a linear, step-by-step manner.
D) Not all individuals begin at a stage where they idealize Whiteness and denigrate their own group.

Question 55

Racial salience refers to

A) the extent to which one's race is a relevant part of one's self-concept in a particular situation.
B) whether an individual's race can be determined by his/her physical appearance.
C) the cycling back and forth between stages of identity development.
D) the final stage of ethnic identity development.

Question 56

When Leticia is with her Latino family, her ethnicity is the most relevant part of her identity, but when she goes to a gay pride parade, her sexual orientation is most relevant. What concept does this illustrate?

A) The Ds of Difference
B) The Ss of Similarity
C) Racial salience
D) Immersion/emersion

Question 57

What does it mean when we say lesbian women of color face "triple jeopardy"?

A) They must face racism, discrimination, and prejudice.
B) They must cope with oppression based on three minority identities-race, gender, and sexual orientation.
C) They fall prey to the three "Ss of Similarity."
D) They go through only three stages of identity development.

Question 58

When LAB traveled in Europe she found people reacted to her country of origin and gender rather than her race, which was not the case in the United States. Her experience illustrates

A) the multiple layering of identities.
B) the immersion/emersion stage.
C) racial identity confusion.
D) ethnocentrism.

Question 59

The stance or position that everyone is the same and that there is no need to acknowledge ethnic or racial differences is known as

A) racism.
B) wisdom.
C) introspection.
D) colorblindness.