Deck 6: Stereotyping, Prejudice

Question 1

The book presented a story about Mrs. Thompson, a fifth-grade school teacher, and her student, Teddy Stoddard, who seemed unpleasant and unmotivated at the beginning of the story. This story illustrated

A) how Mrs. Thompson was able to acutely evaluate Teddy Stoddard from the beginning.
B) how Mrs. Thompson fell victim to the fundamental attribution error at first.
C) how Teddy Stoddard was able to overcome his mother's death by himself.
D) how Teddy Stoddard was able to overcome Mrs. Thompson's bias against him.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The book asked the reader to speculate about the story of Mrs. Thompson, a fifth-grade school teacher, and her student, Teddy Stoddard. It asked the reader to speculate about Teddy Stoddard being a Black child instead of a White child. It did this to help people understand the concept of

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the ultimate attribution error.
C) attribution theory.
D) perspective taking.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Attribution theory suggests that we use two primary dimensions to develop judgments about others' behaviors:

A) internal-external and stable-unstable.
B) introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable.
C) internal-external and horizontal-vertical.
D) introversion-extraversion and horizontal-vertical.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Marcus helps Juanita pick up some books she dropped. You think that Marcus is a nice person for doing this. According to attribution theory, your attribution is an ________ one.

A) external, stable
B) external, unstable
C) internal, stable
D) internal, unstable

Question 5

Marcus helps Juanita pick up some books she dropped. You think that Marcus must have been in a good mood. According to attribution theory, your attribution is an ________ one.

A) external, stable
B) external, unstable
C) internal, stable
D) internal, unstable

Question 6

Marcus helps Juanita pick up some books she dropped. You think that Marcus must have done this because Juanita just helped Marcus. According to attribution theory, your attribution is an ________ one.

A) external, stable
B) external, unstable
C) internal, stable
D) internal, unstable

Question 7

Marcus help Juanita pick up some books she dropped. You think that Marcus did this because Juanita is attractive and all guys like helping her. According to attribution theory, your attribution is an ________ one.

A) external, stable
B) external, unstable
C) internal, stable
D) internal, unstable

Question 8

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the influence of ________ factors and to underestimate the influence of ________ factors.

A) external, stable; internal
B) external, unstable; internal
C) internal, stable; external
D) internal, unstable; external

Question 9

If we see Bobby hit Jimmy and conclude that Bobby must be an aggressive child, we have committed

A) an accurate perception.
B) an inaccurate perception.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the ultimate attribution error.

Question 10

If we see Bobby hit Jimmy and conclude that all Asian children like Bobby must be aggressive, we have committed

A) an accurate perception.
B) an inaccurate perception.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the ultimate attribution error.

Question 11

Stereotypes are considered to be the ________ component of categorization.

A) cognitive
B) evaluative
C) behavioral
D) institutional

Question 12

Prejudice is considered to be the ________ component of categorization.

A) cognitive
B) evaluative
C) behavioral
D) institutional

Question 13

Discrimination is considered to be the ________ component of categorization.

A) cognitive
B) evaluative
C) behavioral
D) institutional

Question 14

Racism is considered to be the ________ component of categorization.

A) cognitive
B) evaluative
C) behavioral
D) institutional

Question 15

Your friend thinks that all Asians like electronic gadgets. Your friend

A) has just stereotyped Asians.
B) is prejudiced against Asians.
C) discriminates against Asians.
D) is racist toward Asians.

Question 16

Your friend doesn't like Asians for liking electronic gadgets. Your friend

A) has just stereotyped Asians.
B) is prejudiced against Asians.
C) discriminates against Asians.
D) is racist toward Asians.

Question 17

Your friend works at an electronics store and does not serve Asian customers because he feels they are taking over the electronic gadget world. Your friend

A) has just stereotyped Asians.
B) is prejudiced against Asians.
C) discriminates against Asians.
D) is racist toward Asians.

Question 18

An electronics company does not have any stores in Asian-dominated areas because it does not trust Asians with electronic merchandise. This company

A) is stereotyping Asians.
B) is prejudiced against Asians.
C) discriminates against Asians.
D) is racist toward Asians.

Question 19

What the various "isms" have in common is that they

A) consciously try to suppress the targets of the practice.
B) happen in a haphazard manner without any system.
C) are routine institutional practices.
D) involve just a few people in power.

Question 20

The book presents an example of how universities generally require professors to have good teaching ratings and a good research publication record to get tenure. This disadvantages many ethnic minority professors who have to do a lot of community service by making presentations on issues of racism and other relevant topics. This is an example of

A) how institutions can engage in unintentionally racist practices.
B) how institutions can engage in intentionally racist practices.
C) the disadvantages of being in an ethnic minority group.
D) the advantages of being in an ethnic minority group.

Question 21

In Laurel's narrative, she discussed how her White friend couldn't believe that a Mexican American woman could afford a Louis Vuitton purse because she categorized all Mexican Americans as being poor. This was an example of

A) stereotyping.
B) prejudice.
C) discrimination.
D) racism.

Question 22

The book distinguishes stereotyping and prejudice from discrimination and racism because

A) stereotyping and prejudice hurt the targets of categorization.
B) stereotyping and prejudice do not directly hurt the targets of categorization.
C) discrimination and racism do not hurt the targets of categorization.
D) discrimination and racism are more prevalent than are stereotyping and prejudice.

Question 23

The humorous example of "front-sitters" is an example of an "ism" if

A) Dr. Mio has support from administrators for his actions.
B) Dr. Mio only thinks of front-sitters and back-sitters differently.
C) Dr. Mio is disciplined for his actions based on where students sit.
D) another colleague has the same feelings that Dr. Mio has.

Question 24

The section on recent cases of police brutality indicate that institutional racism

A) is a thing of the past.
B) can be very subtle.
C) is still a problem.
D) can be equally applied to White populations.

Question 25

Terry was a White man who drove a "Black-looking" car in a predominantly Black neighborhood and was stopped by a police officer after he and his friend left a bar. The officer saw that Terry was White and lived in a predominantly White area. The officer let him off with just a warning. Terry thought he was lucky, but his passenger said Terry was stopped because he was

A) weaving and appeared to be drunk.
B) speeding, particularly after he saw the police officer.
C) thought to be suspicious because he had tinted windows.
D) profiled for "driving while Black."

Question 26

All of the following are elements of Steele's (1997) concept of stereotype threat except

A) the individual belongs to a group that is negatively stereotyped.
B) the individual excels in the area that is negatively stereotyped.
C) the individual excels in an area that is not important to him/her.
D) the individual is placed in a situation that challenges his/her ability in the targeted area.

Question 27

Claude Steele talked about how he was the chair of his psychology department, which had just been moved to the College of Sciences. When his dean asked him why the psychology department needed an MRI, Steele became somewhat tongue-tied. Steele interpreted his reaction as him falling victim to

A) unrealistic expectations.
B) his dean's negative feelings toward psychology.
C) stereotype threat.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 28

Suppose that an African American man who excels in verbal skills, which are very important to him, is taking a test that is much harder than he has taken in the past. The negative stereotype about African Americans is not signaled. According to Steele's (1997) notion of stereotype threat, we would expect this man to

A) perform more poorly than his White counterparts.
B) perform just as well as his White counterparts.
C) perform better than his White counterparts.
D) defensively feel that this test is relatively easy.

Question 29

Suppose that an African American man who excels in verbal skills, which are very important to him, is taking a test that is much harder than he has taken in the past. The negative stereotype about African Americans is then signaled. According to Steele's (1997) notion of stereotype threat, we would expect this man to

A) perform more poorly than his White counterparts.
B) perform just as well as his White counterparts.
C) perform better than his White counterparts.
D) defensively feel that this test is relatively easy.

Question 30

Steele (2001) reported that when elite Black and White athletes had to compete on a miniature golf course to measure their "natural athletic abilities," White athletes

A) performed more poorly than the Black athletes.
B) performed as well as the Black athletes.
C) performed better than the Black athletes.
D) were not affected by the instructions.

Question 31

Murphy et al. (2007) showed videotapes of people taking math, science, or engineering courses. Which of the following kinds of videotapes aroused stereotype threat in women?

A) Videotapes showing an equal balance of men and women
B) Videotapes showing women far outnumbering men
C) Videotapes showing men far outnumbering women
D) Videotapes showing a variety of art in the classrooms

Question 32

Alter and colleagues (2010) studied stereotype threat. They found that when they framed a difficult task as a "challenge" as opposed to a threat,

A) performance was not negatively affected.
B) performance still decreased.
C) performance paradoxically increased.
D) there were conflicting results that were uninterpretable.

Question 33

Armenta (2010) found that when studying stereotype threat, ________ helped to modify the effects of the threat.

A) externalization
B) internalization
C) high ethnic identity
D) low ethnic identity

Question 34

Hamilton and his colleagues presented various behaviors from a majority group and a minority group. There were more positive behaviors than negative behaviors presented describing both groups. Research participants recalled more negative behaviors for the minority group than for the majority group. Hamilton called this phenomenon the

A) minority effect.
B) majority effect.
C) aberration effect.
D) illusory correlation effect.

Question 35

Most behaviors we witness are positive. However, if we witness a negative behavior performed by a White person and a negative behavior performed by an ethnic minority person, Hamilton and his colleagues will predict that we will tend to remember the negative behavior by the

A) White person because it is so unusual.
B) White person because of illusory correlation.
C) ethnic minority person because it is so unusual.
D) ethnic minority person because of illusory correlation.

Question 36

The book connects Hamilton's illusory correlation effect with Tversky and Kahneman's ________ heuristic because of the ease of the behavior coming to mind.

A) representativeness
B) anchoring
C) availability
D) adjustment

Question 37

Godrey, a Zimbabwean immigrant man, said that the police stopped him because he fit the racial profile of a man who was actually described as a Hispanic man; the only similarity they had was that the suspect was wearing jeans. His narrative underscored the ________ of racial profiling.

A) inefficiency
B) range
C) conduct
D) misinterpretation

Question 38

The book discussed how cognitive dissonance theory explained negative stereotyping because those in power

A) desire to conceal their abuse.
B) can point to cognitive dissonance as causing their behavior.
C) feel hostility toward the targets of their negative behavior.
D) are able to justify their negative behavior.

Question 39

Shortly before the Civil War, while the overwhelming majority of individuals in slave-owning states supported the practice of owning slaves, ________ actually owned slaves.

A) barely over 50%
B) 50%
C) 25%
D) 1%

Question 40

Wise (2008, 2013) discussed President Roosevelt's Fair Deal program, which included "job insurance," also known as unemployment insurance. This program helped all who had lost their jobs except for those working in ________ kinds of jobs.

A) coal mining and steel
B) automobile and textile
C) secretarial and sales
D) agricultural and domestic

Question 41

As an example of institutional racism, Wise (2008, 2013) discussed how Blacks in this country were systematically excluded from

A) the GI Bill benefits.
B) jobs in agriculture.
C) domestic work in private homes.
D) becoming ministers in churches.

Question 42

Makiko's narrative about "evacuation sales" shortly before Americans of Japanese ancestry were taken away and interned in concentration camps during World War II by the U.S. government revealed that

A) most White Americans were sympathetic toward the Japanese Americans' plight.
B) most White Americans were unsympathetic toward the Japanese Americans' plight.
C) some White Americans attempted to help the Japanese Americans.
D) some White Americans resisted the evacuation of their Japanese American neighbors.

Question 43

According to Ridley (1989, 1995), the kind of racism that involves openly engaging in hostile and aggressive acts against ethnic minorities is called

A) overt racism.
B) covert racism.
C) covert, intentional racism.
D) covert, unintentional racism.

Question 44

According to Ridley (1989, 1995), the kind of racism that involves individuals being aware of their racism but trying to conceal it is called

A) overt racism.
B) covert racism.
C) covert, intentional racism.
D) covert, unintentional racism.

Question 45

According to Ridley (1989, 1995), the kind of racism that involves individuals being unaware of their racism and perpetuating such racism is called

A) overt racism.
B) covert racism.
C) covert, intentional racism.
D) covert, unintentional racism.

Question 46

Publicly, a classmate states that he is against affirmative action because he wants to support the notion of equal opportunity for all, but privately, he says that he doesn't want ethnic minorities to advance. Your classmate is acting as a(n)

A) overt racist.
B) covert racist.
C) covert, intentional racist.
D) covert, unintentional racist.

Question 47

The attempts to discredit President Obama by not identifying racial issues but issues that were close to being overtly racist were what Sears (1988) would call

A) concealed racism.
B) symbolic racism.
C) begrudging admiration.
D) distractions.

Question 48

The creation and implementation of voter ID laws that disproportionally impact people of color is an example of:

A) overt racism
B) covert racism
C) covert intentional racism
D) covert unintentional racism

Question 49

The headlines of "Americans" beating out Michelle Kwan (an American, herself) are examples of

A) overt racism.
B) covert racism.
C) covert, intentional racism.
D) covert, unintentional racism.

Question 50

Ariel's narrative, where she was frustrated when people wondered if she were half-White because she didn't "talk Black," illustrated

A) overt racism.
B) covert racism.
C) covert, intentional racism.
D) covert, unintentional racism.

Question 51

Those who argue that President Trump's response to Hurricane Maria and Puerto Rico was covert intentional racism, do so because:

A) his actions were truly unintentional and once racism was revealed he took corrective action
B) even though racism was revealed, he did not take any corrective action
C) while his actions were intentional, he still took corrective action
D) he never visited the island to survey the damage

Question 52

In Aimee's narrative about when she went to help victims of Hurricane Katrina,

A) she understood why many portrayed the response by the government as having racial overtones.
B) her feelings went from one of wanting to help to one of frustration, irritation, and tiredness.
C) her beliefs that racism was at the core of the government response were confirmed.
D) she did not fully understand what had happened until she came home and talked about her experience with her friends.

Question 53

Guadalupe discussed how her African American friend did not take a job in a small town in Georgia because of all of the Confederate flags hanging in windows and being explained away as being part of their tradition. This story was an illustration of

A) overt racism.
B) covert racism.
C) aversive racism.
D) cultural misunderstanding.

Question 54

According to Gaertner and Dovidio, ________ is a form of racism practiced by individuals who believe that they are not racist and who even state that racism is undesirable but who subtly support racist views through "logical" or "commonsense" reasons.

A) benign racism
B) aversive racism
C) hidden racism
D) covert racism

Question 55

In Dovidio and Gaertner's (2000) study on aversive racism, research participants were shown profiles of Black and White applicants. In some cases, the applicants were strong on criterion A and weak on criterion B, and in other cases, the applicants were weak on criterion A and strong on criterion B. Aversive racists used

A) only criterion A to make their hiring decisions.
B) only criterion B to make their hiring decisions.
C) the criteria that favored the White applicants.
D) the criteria that favored the Black applicants.

Question 56

In Dovidio and Gaertner's (2000) study on aversive racism, aversive racists

A) justified their responses for hiring White applicants.
B) justified their responses for hiring Black applicants.
C) hired equal amounts of White and Black applicants.
D) hired fewer applicants than nonracists.

Question 57

Penner and colleagues (2010) studied the effects of aversive racism on Black patients and found that

A) aversive racism seems to be diminishing in the medical context.
B) Black patients felt that Black physicians tried to treat them as "patients" instead of "Black patients."
C) Black physicians and non-Black physicians were receiving training on aversive racism.
D) Black patients consistently had less positive reactions to non-Black physicians than to Black physicians.

Question 58

Lonnie's narrative applied Dovidio and Gaertner's (1986, 2000) concept of aversive racism to sexism. She reported that a male colleague

A) justified why they should hire two male candidates over female candidates with equal qualifications.
B) justified why they should hire two female candidates over male candidates with equal qualifications.
C) justified why they should hire one male and one female candidate of equal qualifications.
D) could not decide upon which candidates to hire because they all had equal qualifications.

Question 59

In the "free pass" study, the white patrons were given a free ride 72% of the time and the black patrons only 36% of the time. This resulted in whites experiencing _____ and blacks experiencing ___________. (lecture)

A) discriminatory denials; discriminatory gifts
B) discrimination; stereotypes
C) discriminatory gifts; discriminatory denials
D) prejudice; favors

Question 60

If an individual sales associate follows a person of color while shopping, using the biopsychosocial model this form of racism in on what level?

A) Biological
B) Cognitive-affective
C) Social-interpersonal
D) Social-institutional

Question 61

When policies make it difficult for people of color to get bank loans, buy or rent a home in certain areas, using the biopsychosocial model this is a form of racism on what level?

A) Cognitive-affective
B) Social-interpersonal
C) Social-Institutional
D) Cultural

Question 62

It can be argued that microaggressions occur because the practices and norms are so commonplace, thus acting on the __________ level of the Biopsychosocial model.

A) Cognitive-affective
B) Social-interpersonal
C) Social-institutional
D) Cultural

Question 63

Neville and her colleagues (2013) discussed color-blind racial ideology (CBRI), which comprises two dimensions:

A) color consciousness and color unconsciousness.
B) color evasion and power evasion.
C) White identity and ethnic identity.
D) White privilege and male privilege.

Question 64

Color-blind racial ideology (CBRI) is a process where individuals attempt to

A) intensify racial differences in order to create equality.
B) compare color blindness with color consciousness.
C) minimize the importance of color and power.
D) consider color, then treat individuals accordingly.

Question 65

E. J. R. David and his colleagues have discussed internalized oppression, particularly among Filipino Americans. A major motivation for this form of oppression is

A) when individuals try to "fit in" with the majority population.
B) an assertion of the injustice of colonization.
C) an intellectual understanding of how racism works.
D) how the majority tries to instill feelings into the minority.

Question 66

Sue and his colleagues have studied racial microaggressions. These are

A) a build-up of elbowing, pushing, etc., that can cause long-term physical pain.
B) small slights or offenses that are mostly intentionally inflicted.
C) small slights or offenses that are mostly unintentionally inflicted.
D) exaggerations of hurts due to victimization mentality.

Question 67

All of the following are forms of microaggressions except

A) microassaults.
B) microinsults.
C) microinvalidations.
D) micropersecutions.

Question 68

Hernandez and colleagues (2010) examined people of color who have encountered microaggressions. Their conclusion was that when one is confronted with a microaggression, one should

A) address it immediately so that everyone can learn from the experience.
B) ignore it so as to not disrupt the environment.
C) remember the offense and "blow off steam" with other people of color later.
D) decide how to cope with the microaggression depending upon the situation.

Question 69

Sean's narrative, where he discussed how a mayor built too many schools in predominantly Black areas of his city in order to keep Blacks from entering schools in White areas, was an illustration of

A) overt racism.
B) covert racism.
C) covert, intentional racism.
D) covert, unintentional racism.

Question 70

Sommers et al. (2006) discussed the press coverage in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. They used examples such as White survivors "finding food" but Black survivors "looting" as examples of

A) overt racism.
B) covert racism.
C) covert, intentional racism.
D) covert, unintentional racism.

Question 71

McIntosh (1988, 1995) discussed how she knows that if she were to turn on the television, she would be confident of seeing people of her race depicted in a wide variety of roles. She called this kind of fact of American life

A) a reflection bias.
B) White privilege.
C) racial profiling.
D) the mirror effect.

Question 72

Latasha, a Black woman, is asked by her professor what Blacks think about a topic in class, whereas Emily, a White woman, is merely asked what she thinks. Emily is benefiting from

A) female privilege.
B) White privilege.
C) discrimination.
D) racial profiling.

Question 73

Lau's story about her two-year-old Vietnamese American niece wanting a doll for her birthday was an example of

A) how to reinforce children's own identities.
B) how learning can take place in any setting.
C) how early Whiteness is reinforced in children.
D) how a variety of selections make children happy.

Question 74

Heterosexual couples can walk down the street hand-in-hand or arm-in-arm, whereas homosexual couples generally don't do this. This can be an example of

A) heterosexual privilege.
B) homosexual privilege.
C) homosexual modesty.
D) sexism.

Question 75

Those individuals who are willing to give up some of their power to help those on the downside of power are referred to as

A) bridgers.
B) power brokers.
C) sympathizers.
D) allies.

Question 76

Kelsey's narrative about how her 11-year-old brother filed a formal complaint against his teacher because his teacher was treating a Latino student unfairly is an example of

A) how an ally can make a difference.
B) how racist many teachers are.
C) aversive racism, and her brother felt aversive about the incident.
D) White privilege.

Question 77

Delinda's narrative about how she intervenes whenever gays and lesbians are put down indicate that she is

A) an advocate.
B) a troublemaker.
C) an ally.
D) reacting against homophobia.

Question 78

Boatright-Horowitz and Soeung (2009) found that those professors who taught about White privilege were

A) rated higher by students.
B) rated lower by students.
C) tenured professors who were not concerned about ratings.
D) untenured professors who were inexperienced.