Deck 3: Cultural Differences in World-Views

Question 1

The poem that talked about the Maori woman not understanding why the different pills worked on different parts of her body until the doctor told her it was magic was an example of the woman finally understanding the explanation through the ________ perspective.

A) etic
B) emic
C) imposed etic
D) imposed emic

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The ________ approach attempts to find commonalities across cultures.

A) etic
B) emic
C) individualistic
D) collectivistic

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The ________ approach examines only one culture from within that culture.

A) etic
B) emic
C) individualistic
D) collectivistic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Kim and his colleagues have called the emic approach to investigation the

A) emic within etic approach.
B) preferred approach.
C) standard model of investigation.
D) indigenous and cultural psychology approach.

Question 5

The Mischel studies on delay of gratification were presented as an example of

A) imposed etics.
B) imposed emics.
C) a correct interpretation across cultures.
D) a correct interpretation within a culture.

Question 6

Sue and Sue (2000) gave an example of how individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures defined the term "good decision." Which of the following is an example of the individualistic definition of this term?

A) The ability to make a personal decision that is best for the group
B) The ability to make a personal decision that is contextually sensitive
C) The ability to make a personal decision without being unduly influenced by one's past
D) The ability to make a personal decision without being unduly influenced by others

Question 7

The Ajase complex, as described in Yasue's narrative, differed from the Oedipal complex. Which of the following illustrates the main point of the Ajase complex?

A) It accentuated the underlying sexual tension between Ajase and his mother.
B) Ajase felt he was special and central to the family structure.
C) Ajase's rivalry with his father was intense but indirect.
D) It suggested that one should follow one's dreams.

Question 8

According to Trevor's narrative about how homosexuality was understood in the Philippines before Western religion took over the country,

A) people did not talk about homosexuality.
B) people persecuted homosexuals.
C) homosexuality was connected with darkness and evil.
D) homosexuality was connected with religion and spirituality.

Question 9

Kerry's narrative about her perspective about safety suggested that

A) men and women see issues of safety essentially the same as one another.
B) men and women see issues of safety much differently from one another.
C) women need to be much more aware of safety issues than they are.
D) most men are sensitive to the needs of safety for women.

Question 10

When Hollywood actress Ashley Judd publicly accused Harvey Weinstein of sexual abuse,

A) many other women also had the courage to discuss their abuse, leading to a culture change regarding this issue.
B) she was a lone voice, and this issue ultimately disappeared.
C) she was identified as a problematic actress in Hollywood, which damaged her career and prevented her from securing other acting roles.
D) things began to change in Hollywood, but other domains of public life seemed to be untouched.

Question 11

Halpern and Cheung (2008) and Cheung and Halpern (2010), when interviewing powerful women in China, Hong Kong, and the United States, found that their success was quite often due to

A) supportive husbands and partners.
B) business environments that were friendly toward families.
C) the women having to choose between having children and climbing the corporate ladder.
D) childcare facilities located within companies so that the women could visit their children during the day.

Question 12

Landrine, Klonoff, and Brown-Collins (1995) stated that

A) "truth" is understood as both emic and etic data or the emic alone.
B) "truth" is understood as both emic and etic data or the etic alone.
C) "truth" is understood as either the emic or etic data.
D) the pursuit of truth is meaningless.

Question 13

An international student from Japan felt that he was not invited to join his fellow American graduate students in a bar on Fridays, whereas the graduate students had the norm of anyone just being able to show up to the bar. Brislin (2000) called this a(n)

A) purposeful snub by the American students.
B) oversensitivity on the part of the Japanese student.
C) well-meaning clash.
D) unfortunate disaster.

Question 14

Obasi, Flores, and James-Myers' (2009) Worldwide Analysis Scale found all of the following major dimensions except

A) materialistic universe.
B) spiritual immortality.
C) communalism.
D) idealism.

Question 15

When confronted with a choice between one's own desires and the needs of the larger group, someone from an individualistic society will

A) be motivated by one's own preferences and needs.
B) be motivated by the preferences and needs of the group.
C) tend to be motivated by variables other than oneself and one's group.
D) tend to act in unpredictable ways.

Question 16

When confronted with a choice between one's own desires and the needs of the larger group, someone from a collectivistic society will

A) be motivated by one's own preferences and needs.
B) be motivated by the preferences and needs of the group.
C) tend to be motivated by variables other than oneself and one's group.
D) tend to act in unpredictable ways.

Question 17

According to Triandis (1995), an individual who acts according to his/her own needs is

A) individualistic.
B) collectivistic.
C) idiocentric.
D) allocentric.

Question 18

According to Triandis (1995), an individual who acts according to the needs of the group is

A) individualistic.
B) collectivistic.
C) idiocentric.
D) allocentric.

Question 19

Jeannie, the Latinx woman whose mother sent back almost 60% of her paycheck to her family in Salvador, felt some amount of pressure, but ultimately concluded,

A) in union there is strength.
B) with great powers come great expectations.
C) good things come to those who wait.
D) the squeaky wheel gets the grease.

Question 20

Tina is an idiocentric individual in a collectivistic society. Tina is most likely to

A) cooperate with her peers even though this may hurt her individually.
B) compete with her peers in order to protect her own interests.
C) cooperate with her peers whether or not it helps the group.
D) compete with her peers if forced to do so by group pressure.

Question 21

Which of the following represents a countercultural individual, according to Triandis?

A) An allocentric individual in a collectivistic society
B) An idiocentric individual in an individualistic society
C) An allocentric individual in an individualistic society
D) An idiocentric individual in any type of society

Question 22

Hofstede (1980) identified the masculine-feminine dimension, which Triandis renamed the ________ dimension.

A) up-down
B) left-right
C) angular-circular
D) vertical-horizontal

Question 23

If a person feels that people should live their lives independently from others, that person has a ________ perspective.

A) horizontally individualistic
B) vertically individualistic
C) horizontally collectivistic
D) vertically collectivistic

Question 24

If a person feels that it is very important to do a better job than others, that person has a ________ perspective.

A) horizontally individualistic
B) vertically individualistic
C) horizontally collectivistic
D) vertically collectivistic

Question 25

If a person feels that his/her happiness depends upon the happiness of those around him/her, that person has a ________ perspective.

A) horizontally individualistic
B) vertically individualistic
C) horizontally collectivistic
D) vertically collectivistic

Question 26

If a person would sacrifice an enjoyable activity because his/her parents did not approve of it, that person has a ________ perspective.

A) horizontally individualistic
B) vertically individualistic
C) horizontally collectivistic
D) vertically collectivistic

Question 27

In Ann Marie's narrative, she said the Filipino families' taking care of their aging parents was an example of

A) horizontal individualism.
B) vertical individualism.
C) horizontal collectivism.
D) vertical collectivism.

Question 28

Alisha and Anna, in their narratives, talked about how they ultimately chose to break up with men they loved because their respective families disapproved of these relationships. These are examples of negative aspects of

A) horizontal individualism.
B) vertical individualism.
C) horizontal collectivism.
D) vertical collectivism.

Question 29

In collectivistic cultures,

A) guilt is a more important negative emotion than is shame.
B) shame is a more important negative emotion than is guilt.
C) guilt and shame are equally important negative emotions.
D) neither guilt nor shame are very important negative emotions.

Question 30

In individualistic cultures,

A) guilt is a more important negative emotion than is shame.
B) shame is a more important negative emotion than is guilt.
C) guilt and shame are equally important negative emotions.
D) neither guilt nor shame are very important negative emotions.

Question 31

One reason why shame is such an important negative emotion in collectivistic cultures is because

A) people don't let the individual forget his/her negative transgression.
B) the individual is embarrassed for displaying a negative behavior.
C) the negative behavior reflects badly on the individual's family.
D) it is typically more intensely felt than is guilt.

Question 32

________ is when an individual attempts to avoid being publicly revealed for negative behavior.

A) Loss of face
B) Giving face
C) Shame avoidance
D) Guilt avoidance

Question 33

________ is when an individual extols the virtues of another person in public.

A) Loss of face
B) Giving face
C) Shame saving
D) Guilt saving

Question 34

Zane and Kim (2014), in their analogue therapy study, found that Asian students who were more concerned with issues of saving face

A) studied more.
B) studied less.
C) disclosed more to their therapists.
D) disclosed less to their therapists.

Question 35

The result from the Zane and Kim (2014) analogue therapy study on saving face gives us some insight into why Asian clients may

A) drop out of therapy prematurely.
B) decide to stay in therapy for longer periods of time.
C) recommend that their friends try therapy.
D) study for longer periods of time.

Question 36

Ichiro informs his professor that Maria won a prestigious award for her short story. The professor announces to the class that Maria won this award. Ichiro and the professor engaged in

A) individualistic identification.
B) a collusion.
C) giving Maria face.
D) embarrassing Maria.

Question 37

According to Kitayama and Markus' (2000) examination of happiness and subjective well-being, one reason why one gives face in collectivistic societies is because

A) it is expected that there will be a reciprocal behavior.
B) the good feelings between the two people are owned by each individual.
C) there will be a good feeling about the relationship between the two individuals.
D) one wants to prevent the other from bragging about the award, causing embarrassment.

Question 38

The story about "Ba-chan" feeling that her sushi was not good one particular year was because

A) people criticized the taste of her sushi.
B) people did not insist enough that the sushi was good.
C) people were overly insistent that her sushi was good.
D) no one said anything about the taste of her sushi.

Question 39

All of the following are parts of the WEIRD acronym except

A) Western.
B) Extraverted.
C) Industrialized.
D) Rich.

Question 40

Which of the following countries is not part of what is considered to be WEIRD?

A) Canada
B) New Zealand
C) United Kingdom
D) Egypt

Question 41

Ho (1987) examined the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model as it applies to different cultural groups. With respect to the "people to nature/environment" dimension, Ho found that middle-class European Americans tend to believe in

A) harmony with the past.
B) harmony with the future.
C) mastery over the past.
D) mastery over the future.

Question 42

Ho (1987) examined the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model as it applies to different cultural groups. With respect to the "people to nature/environment" dimension, Ho found that Asian Americans tend to believe in

A) harmony with the past.
B) harmony with the past-present.
C) mastery over the past.
D) mastery over the past-present.

Question 43

Ho (1987) examined the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model as it applies to different cultural groups. With respect to the "preferred mode of activity" dimension, Ho found that middle-class European Americans tend to believe in

A) doing.
B) being.
C) becoming.
D) being-in-becoming.

Question 44

Ho (1987) examined the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model as it applies to different cultural groups. With respect to the "preferred mode of activity" dimension, Ho found that American Indians tend to believe in

A) doing.
B) being.
C) becoming.
D) being-in-becoming.

Question 45

Ho (1987) examined the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model as it applies to different cultural groups. With respect to the "time orientation" dimension, Ho found that middle-class European Americans tend to resonate to the

A) past.
B) present.
C) future.
D) past-present.

Question 46

Ho (1987) examined the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model as it applies to different cultural groups. With respect to the "time orientation" dimension, Ho found that Black Americans tend to resonate to the

A) past.
B) present.
C) future.
D) past-present.

Question 47

According to Ho's (1987) application of the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value orientation model to different cultural groups, it seems that

A) all groups tend to differ from one another on all dimensions.
B) all groups tend to be similar to one another on all dimensions.
C) the ethnic minority groups seem to be more similar to one another than any group to the middle-class European American group.
D) the Asian American and middle-class European American groups tended to be more similar to one another and different from the other groups.

Question 48

According to Oishi and Schimmack's (2010) review of the literature on subjective well-being, happiness is related to wealth

A) up to a certain level, then other factors contribute to happiness.
B) in a negative manner.
C) until an individual becomes a millionaire.
D) always.

Question 49

Derald Wing Sue's worldview model examines the dimensions of

A) locus of control and locus of reason.
B) locus of reason and locus of responsibility.
C) locus of responsibility and locus of concern.
D) locus of responsibility and locus of control.

Question 50

According to the Sue worldview model, the "American Dream" is based on

A) IC-IR.
B) EC-IR.
C) EC-ER.
D) IC-ER.

Question 51

According to the Sue worldview model, the "marginal man" is associated with the ________ quadrant.

A) IC-IR
B) EC-IR
C) EC-ER
D) IC-ER

Question 52

According to the Sue worldview model, learned helplessness is associated with the ________ quadrant.

A) IC-IR
B) EC-IR
C) EC-ER
D) IC-ER

Question 53

According to the Sue worldview model, ethnic pride is associated with the ________ quadrant.

A) IC-IR
B) EC-IR
C) EC-ER
D) IC-ER

Question 54

According to the book, in examining some of the Nagata and Takeshita (1998) research participants who experienced Japanese American internment during World War II, those who were aware of racism in the past were much more likely to develop an ________ perspective in the Sue worldview model.

A) IC-IR
B) EC-IR
C) EC-ER
D) IC-ER

Question 55

Janet Helms and her colleagues developed the terms ALANA and VREG to describe ethnic minority populations in order to

A) avoid the term "minority," which they felt was disempowering.
B) describe new racial categories in order to establish different priorities.
C) emphasize the inequalities of our racial categories.
D) distinguish between ethnic minorities and racial minorities.

Question 56

Recent refugees from the Bosnia-Herzegovina region of the world are often referred to as

A) ALANAs.
B) VREGs.
C) European ethnics.
D) mainstream European Americans.

Question 57

Vasquez (2001) described how her worldview was shaped early in school because of her Mexican American heritage in a school that had mostly European American teachers. She discussed the negative attitudes of her teachers toward her because she was a(n)

A) disruptive child.
B) European American wannabe child.
C) ALANA.
D) A student.

Question 58

Castellanos and Gloria (2007) discussed using dichos in advising Latinx students to succeed in college. This was an illustration of using

A) using language to translate English into Spanish.
B) using proverbs in an inappropriate manner.
C) finding connections between the dominant culture's and the students' own culture's worldviews.
D) using strength-based worldviews for success.

Question 59

Ryan Coogler, the director of the film Black Panther, said that when he was growing up, for Halloween

A) there were no costumes of Black superheroes.
B) there was only one costume of a Black superhero.
C) there were numerous costumes of Black superhero.
D) he did not want to dress up as a superhero.

Question 60

In Lois's narrative, she discussed how her sister wished that her father had married a European American woman instead of their Mexican mother because she wanted to have blonde hair and blue eyes. This narrative illustrated

A) how little children understand matters of the heart.
B) how cultural standards of beauty affect children's self-esteem.
C) the psychological effects of Barbie dolls.
D) the difficulties of growing up while being teased by other children.

Question 61

According to Eagly (2009), when engaging in prosocial behavior,

A) women tend to direct their helping behaviors toward the collective.
B) men tend to direct their helping behaviors toward individuals who are hurting.
C) women tend to direct their helping behaviors toward those who are close to them.
D) men do not engage in as much helping behaviors as do women.

Question 62

How do men and women experience aggression differently?

A) Men experience more aggression from strangers, whereas women experience more aggression from someone they know.
B) Men experience more aggression from someone they know, whereas women experience more aggression from strangers.
C) Men experience more aggression from acquaintances, whereas women experience more aggression from intimate partners.
D) Men experience more aggression from intimate partners, whereas women experience more aggression from acquaintances.

Question 63

According to Mio and his associates, one reason why there is a gender difference in the engagement in jokes and humor is that

A) women enjoy jokes more than men do.
B) women would rather tell formal jokes because it says more about the person than do humorous anecdotes.
C) men enjoy being the center of attention more than women do.
D) men may feel that humor is one of the few positive emotions allowed to them.

Question 64

The worldview of most lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered individuals includes

A) love and support by the broader society.
B) the broader society generally ignoring them.
C) curiosity about them and threats to their safety.
D) understanding at least from their families of origin.

Question 65

According to the book, many or most lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered individuals report that others in the broader society feel that

A) too much time is spent on their respective sexual orientations.
B) too little time is spent on their respective sexual orientations.
C) sexual orientation is a very small part of their respective identities.
D) sexual orientation is the entire part of their respective identities.

Question 66

In Miguel's narrative, he discussed how he wished that his straight friends would be willing to go to gay clubs with him, just as he goes to straight clubs with them. He wished they would be willing to do this because

A) he wanted them to feel the kind of discomfort he feels when going to their clubs.
B) he wanted them to experience his worldview.
C) they often asked about gay clubs, and he was tired of trying to explain them to his friends.
D) gay clubs were more fun than straight clubs.

Question 67

While the Pentagon's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy was overturned, this issue underscored the general hostility toward LGBT populations because

A) it took unusually heroic efforts to overturn this policy.
B) opponents of this policy did not feel that the Senate went far enough in overturning the policy.
C) there was an explicit provision in the legislation that prohibited military members from marrying their same-sex partners.
D) those who voted to overturn this policy still voiced their personal objection to homosexuality.

Question 68

In the first year of President Trump's term,

A) there was an affirmation of the DADT policy.
B) there was an attempt to modify the DADT policy to ban transgendered individuals.
C) the military reported that the DADT policy was not working very well.
D) Trump made a distinction between the military and Homeland Security for transgendered individuals.

Question 69

Carl's narrative about being transgendered discussed

A) the difficulties in securing his new transgendered identity.
B) how transgendered role models have help him understand his identity.
C) his continued attraction to members of both genders.
D) a curiosity of how Bruce Jenner became Caitlyn Jenner.

Question 70

Liu (2011, 2013), in his studies on social class, found that therapists who had high social class consciousness scores were perceived as

A) more knowledgeable.
B) less knowledgeable.
C) more empathic.
D) less empathic.

Question 71

The APA Working Group on Stress and Health Disparities (2017) found that

A) paradoxically, living in poverty can increase one's life expectancy.
B) low income neighborhoods created "food deserts" where only unhealthy foods were available.
C) living in poverty led to people bonding together to create a high subjective well-being.
D) people choose to live in poor neighborhoods because they have developed many friends.

Question 72

Stiglitz (2012) discussed how the widening wealth gap between the rich and poor would result in

A) the rich having more guilt about their wealth disparity.
B) the rich spending more of their money trying to hide it in foreign accounts.
C) the poor pooling their resources and sharing the goods that they buy.
D) the poor not having enough money to buy the products that the rich produce.

Question 73

Today's youth has a worldview

A) that includes mass shootings, particularly at schools.
B) has a similar worldview as their parents did when they were growing up.
C) has a worldview that assures the privacy of their possessions in their school lockers.
D) feels that school shootings are rare and do not expect them to occur in their own schools.

Question 74

Despite the potential of school shootings, today's youth has a worldview that has been empowered by

A) "helicopter" parents.
B) the use of psychotherapy.
C) social media.
D) extended families.