Deck 2: Multicultural Issues Involving

Question 1

In a typically constructed research study, the experimental group is selected

A) systematically.
B) through random selection.
C) after selecting the control group.
D) from a separate pool than is the control group.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In a typically constructed research study, the control group is selected

A) after selecting the experimental group.
B) from a separate pool than is the experimental group.
C) systematically.
D) through random selection.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

We are interested in reducing anxiety. We give one group an antianxiety medication and the other group a sugar pill. The group that receives the antianxiety medication is called the

A) anxiety group.
B) medication group.
C) experimental group.
D) control group.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A researcher has developed a new therapy technique. She randomly assigns half of the potential clients to the new therapy and half to the old therapy. In this case, the clients in the new therapy group are called the

A) experimental group.
B) control group.
C) independent variable.
D) dependent variable.

Question 5

A researcher has developed a new therapy technique. She randomly assigns half of the potential clients to the new therapy and half to the old therapy. In this case, the clients in the old therapy group are called the

A) experimental group.
B) control group.
C) independent variable.
D) dependent variable.

Question 6

When European American liberals suggested that many ethnic minority children grew up in "culturally deprived environments," they were implicitly

A) suggesting that the European American middle-class environment was the standard for all.
B) comparing some ethnic minority groups with other ethnic minority groups.
C) equating ethnic minority children with cultural deprivation.
D) helping these children to overcome their culturally deprived backgrounds.

Question 7

Sue and Sue (2003) renamed their book Counseling the Culturally Different to Counseling the Culturally Diverse. This was because

A) they did not examine cultural differences.
B) "diverse" was used to underscore that some groups were superior to other groups.
C) "different" implied that the White standard was not good enough.
D) they wanted to convey that there are multiple perspectives that are equally acceptable.

Question 8

"Internal validity" suggests that

A) we can generalize our findings to broader populations.
B) our changes in the experiment made a difference.
C) changes in the experiment may have been influenced by events out of our control.
D) internal reviewers examined our results.

Question 9

"External validity" suggests that

A) we can generalize our findings to broader populations.
B) our changes in the experiment made a difference.
C) changes in the experiment may have been influenced by events out of our control.
D) external reviewers examined our results.

Question 10

Internal validity and external validity

A) work hand in hand with one another.
B) are always working against one another.
C) are essentially the same thing.
D) often work against one another.

Question 11

A researcher designs a study so that everything is exactly the same except for the difference in dosage in a medication between two groups. This researcher is primarily concerned with

A) internal validity.
B) external validity.
C) the control group.
D) the experimental group.

Question 12

A researcher designs a study so that aspects of the study mirror the outside world, including multiple potential influences upon the study's results. This researcher is primarily concerned with

A) internal validity.
B) external validity.
C) the control group.
D) the experimental group.

Question 13

Sue (1999) criticized science for its "selective enforcement of scientific principles" because science favored ________ over ________.

A) control groups; experimental groups
B) experimental groups; control groups
C) internal validity; external validity
D) external validity; internal validity

Question 14

Sue (1999) criticized a reviewer for rejecting a study comparing successful African American students with less successful African American students because the reviewer said the study did not have a European American control group. Sue felt the reviewer ignored the importance of

A) experimental groups.
B) control groups.
C) internal validity.
D) external validity.

Question 15

When participant responses are either numerical or transformed into numerical values for the purpose of comparison, we are using a ________ form of research.

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) nominal
D) normal

Question 16

When participant responses are judged to see if common themes emerge, we are using a ________ approach to research.

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) nominal
D) normal

Question 17

Yolanda has her research participants rate how much they like two new soft drinks. Their ratings are on a scale from 1 to 10. She finds that most people rated an orange drink higher than a strawberry drink. Yolanda is using ________ data to come to conclusions about the drinks.

A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) nominal
D) normal

Question 18

The quantitative approach to research where numbers are compared to get at the "truth" underlying different phenomena is called the

A) comparison approach to research.
B) evaluative approach to research.
C) judgment approach.
D) logical positivistic approach.

Question 19

Suppose that you and a friend both receive an A in your multicultural psychology course. However, you feel that you know much more about the topic than your friend does. If both of you received the same number of points accumulated for the course, how would we be able to determine who understood more of the material?

A) Through a quantitative approach
B) Through a qualitative approach
C) By examining your multiple choice test scores
D) By comparing your grades for other courses

Question 20

You are at an interview for graduate school. The school is trying to decide between accepting you and another student who has very nearly identical qualifications as you do. This final interview is considered to be a ________ piece of information.

A) biased
B) objective
C) quantitative
D) qualitative

Question 21

Qualitative research approaches might be used when numerical scores

A) are easily collected.
B) can be interpreted.
C) lose some valuable information.
D) are the same across situational factors.

Question 22

Constantine et al. (2007) studied Asian international women adjusting to the United States and college. They found all of the following issues to be important except

A) cultural differences.
B) academics.
C) English language issues.
D) discrimination.

Question 23

The use of narratives in your textbook is an example of the ________ approach.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) quantitative
D) qualitative

Question 24

If you are studying an interesting case, you are using a ________ approach to research.

A) cross-sectional
B) sequential
C) quantitative
D) qualitative

Question 25

According to Mio (2002), one trend in multicultural research is to use more

A) quantitative approaches.
B) qualitative approaches.
C) case studies.
D) studies involving therapy.

Question 26

The intersubjective approach treats individuals within societies as quasi-rational arbiters of societal norms. Which of the following illustrates this approach?

A) After interviewing a number of people from a community, you later find out they were not truthful in their answers to you.
B) A group of people from a community you interviewed behaved in a cooperative manner even though a small percentage of them may have wanted to compete with others.
C) Before interviewing people from a community, you have to gain access to them from elders within the community.
D) You need to interview fathers first, then mothers, then children, then community activists in order to get the appropriate information from that community.

Question 27

One reason why qualitative methods have not been widely employed is that they

A) have been overused in the past.
B) are not well understood.
C) are more difficult to employ than quantitative methods.
D) can be interchangeable with quantitative methods.

Question 28

Clark, Ellis, Peel, and Rigs (2010) feel that there is a Western bias in favor of the logical-positivistic approach. One piece of evidence of this is

A) quantitative researchers use numbers whereas qualitative researchers use interviews.
B) qualitative researchers use numbers to give meaning to interviews.
C) quantitative researchers need to justify their rejection of norms in favor of alternative positions, whereas qualitative researchers do not.
D) qualitative researchers need to justify their rejection of norms in favor of alternative positions, whereas quantitative researchers do not.

Question 29

When we are asking a child to interpret a well-known fairy tale in one culture and compare that child's understanding to a child's interpretation of a well-known fairy tale in another culture, we are seeking

A) functional equivalence.
B) conceptual equivalence.
C) linguistic equivalence.
D) metric equivalence.

Question 30

When we seek to find terms or phrases whose meanings are culturally equivalent between two cultures, we are seeking

A) functional equivalence.
B) conceptual equivalence.
C) linguistic equivalence.
D) metric equivalence.

Question 31

"Back translation" is an effort to seek

A) functional equivalence.
B) conceptual equivalence.
C) linguistic equivalence.
D) metric equivalence.

Question 32

When one culture uses the extremes of a scale and another culture does not, we might equate the highest score on a scale in one culture with the second-highest score on the scale in the second culture. This may be done because we are seeking

A) functional equivalence.
B) conceptual equivalence.
C) linguistic equivalence.
D) metric equivalence.

Question 33

Julio is interested in testing Spanish-speaking children's abilities to think abstractly through the interpretation of proverbs. He is looking for a Spanish language proverb that is the equivalent of a popularly used English language proverb. Julio is seeking

A) functional equivalence.
B) conceptual equivalence.
C) linguistic equivalence.
D) metric equivalence.

Question 34

Hanyi is seeking a phrase in Cantonese that conveys a similar meaning as an English expression. Hanyi is seeking

A) functional equivalence.
B) conceptual equivalence.
C) linguistic equivalence.
D) metric equivalence.

Question 35

Atsuko wants to find a word in Japanese that has the precise meaning as a specific word in English. Atsuko is seeking

A) functional equivalence.
B) conceptual equivalence.
C) linguistic equivalence.
D) metric equivalence.

Question 36

Albert notices that European American research participants tend to use all numbers on a 1-7 scale rating feelings, whereas Asian participants tend to only use 2-6 ratings. Albert therefore equates a 7 from a European American to a 6 from an Asian. Albert is using

A) functional equivalence.
B) conceptual equivalence.
C) linguistic equivalence.
D) metric equivalence.

Question 37

Fernandez, Boccaccini, and Noland (2007) found that 10% of the U.S. population over the age of five speaks Spanish at home. Therefore,

A) many individuals may need special accommodations in testing.
B) we should not test these individuals when trying to place them into programs.
C) interviews may be the only way to test these individuals.
D) those giving tests should be native Spanish speakers.

Question 38

Gilligan (1982/1993) interpreted the reasoning behind the choices made by boys and girls after they made moral choices. These interpretations were a form of

A) cross-sectional research.
B) sequential research.
C) a qualitative approach.
D) a quantitative approach.

Question 39

Hayes' (2009) ADDRESSING model stands for all of the following except

A) age and generational influences.
B) disability.
C) regional differences.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 40

The "G" in Hayes' (2016) model stands for

A) girls
B) gender
C) guys
D) growth

Question 41

Iwamasa and her colleagues found that their elderly Asian research participants seemed to enjoy the focus-group section of their studies because

A) they found the quantitative section too easy.
B) they could respond on their own without worrying what others might say.
C) it allowed them to focus on their responses.
D) they were about to share stories with their contemporaries.

Question 42

A researcher is collecting data at a single time across a wide number of age groups. This researcher is interested in seeing if people in their 50s, 60s, and 70s respond alike or differently from one another. This researcher is employing a ________ experimental design.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) sequential
D) gradual

Question 43

A researcher collects data on 50-year-olds and follows them for 20 years to see if they responded the same or differently when they were 50, 60, and 70 years old. This researcher is employing a ________ experimental design.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) sequential
D) gradual

Question 44

A researcher collects data on 50- and 60-year-olds and follows them for 10 years. This researcher then compares responses when the 50-year-olds were 50 years old, both groups when they were 60 years old, and the second set of participants when they were 70 years old. This researcher is employing a ________ experimental design.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) sequential
D) gradual

Question 45

Collecting data on people of different ages at the same time is called a ________ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) sequential
D) gradual

Question 46

Collecting data on people at one particular age, then following them for a period of time is called a ________ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) sequential
D) gradual

Question 47

Collecting data on people of different ages, then following them for a period of time in order to collect a longer time frame between the youngest participants at the beginning of the study and the oldest participants at the end of the study is called a ________ research design.

A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) sequential
D) gradual

Question 48

Collaborative problem solving involves all of the following except

A) the jigsaw problem where different members of a group contribute to the solution.
B) a consensus-building task where different points of views must be considered.
C) negotiation tasks where the best possible solution depends upon consideration of different perspectives.
D) a chorus where different individuals sing different notes of a song to create harmony.

Question 49

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2017) study found that when examining teamwork,

A) all children viewed teamwork as important.
B) disadvantaged children felt that teamwork was more important than advantaged children did.
C) advantaged children felt that teamwork was more important than disadvantaged children did.
D) teamwork was not viewed as important in problem solving, as individual strengths was deemed most important.

Question 50

What kinds of measures do standardized intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children use as part of the overall IQ score?

A) Cultural knowledge
B) Visual acuity
C) High pitch detection
D) Sensory measures

Question 51

Hernstein and Murray's (1994) book The Bell Curve seemed to take a racist stance in examining IQ test scores. However, the book criticizes their book because they

A) failed to suggest solutions to differences in IQ scores.
B) contended that smart people generally do better in life than less smart people.
C) did not take into account the dwindling service-oriented jobs in this country.
D) take our measures of intelligence as unquestioned.

Question 52

Okagaki and Sternberg (1991) found that Asian parents valued ________ as measures of intelligence.

A) cognitive skills over noncognitive skills
B) noncognitive skills over cognitive skills
C) a balance between cognitive skills and noncognitive skills
D) neither cognitive nor noncognitive skills.

Question 53

Okagaki and Sternberg (1991) found that Mexican American parents valued ________ as measures of intelligence.

A) cognitive skills over noncognitive skills
B) noncognitive skills over cognitive skills
C) a balance between cognitive skills and noncognitive skills
D) neither cognitive nor noncognitive skills.

Question 54

Okagaki and Sternberg (1991) found that White parents valued ________ as measures of intelligence.

A) cognitive skills over noncognitive skills
B) noncognitive skills over cognitive skills
C) a balance between cognitive skills and noncognitive skills
D) neither cognitive nor noncognitive skills.

Question 55

Intelligence tests, achievement tests, and the like are tests that have major impacts upon the lives of the people being tested. These kinds of tests are referred to in the book as

A) projective tests.
B) predictive tests.
C) major treatment tests.
D) high-stakes tests.

Question 56

Kaylene's narrative about being tested into the GATE program when she was a little girl revealed how early ________ tests were used.

A) high-stakes
B) major treatment
C) predictive
D) projective

Question 57

Labouvie-Vief (1985) found that older individuals often incorporate ________ into their answers when responding to intelligence tests.

A) deficits
B) context
C) abstract thinking
D) the experimenter's perspective

Question 58

According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, if you are able to transfer knowledge you learn through book learning into ways of behaving in the real world, you are using ________ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) practical
C) memorization
D) creative

Question 59

According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, the way that we are typically tested in school measures ________ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) practical
C) memorization
D) creative

Question 60

An admissions committee is trying to apply Sternberg's theory of intelligence to admitting students into their school. They are seeking students who could use common objects and theories in a new and interesting way. They are seeking students with ________ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) practical
C) creative
D) standard

Question 61

An admissions committee is trying to apply Sternberg's theory of intelligence to admitting students into their school. They are seeking students who could apply the theories they learn to solve problems. They are seeking students with ________ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) practical
C) creative
D) standard

Question 62

An admissions committee is trying to apply Sternberg's theory of intelligence to admitting students into their school. They are seeking students with good memorization skills. They are seeking students with ________ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) practical
C) creative
D) standard

Question 63

Anthony told a story in the text about how a "genius" mathematics graduate student could not find the hook on his fishing pole because the wind had blown the hook off of the guide on his pole. This genius lacked ________ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) practical
C) memorization
D) creative

Question 64

Monica's story about how her brother always did better on standardized tests like the SAT led her to believe that he was just smarter than she was. However, after reading about Sternberg's theory of intelligence, she now realizes that her brother was better than her in ________ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) practical
C) memorization
D) creative

Question 65

Maria is able to put things together in interesting ways that no one else has been able to do. All of her friends and even her professors compliment her on how she makes these connections. According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, Maria is most likely high on ________ intelligence.

A) analytic
B) practical
C) memorization
D) creative

Question 66

Gardner's theory of intelligence suggests that eight aptitudes should be considered forms of intelligence. All of the following are examples of Gardner's types of intelligence except

A) linguistic.
B) spatial.
C) creative.
D) intrapersonal.

Question 67

According to Gardner's theory of intelligence, if Mariko were a superior athlete, she would excel in ________ intelligence.

A) spatial
B) interpersonal
C) bodily-kinesthetic
D) naturalist

Question 68

According to Gardner's theory of intelligence, if Jackson were able to distinguish mushrooms that were edible from those that were poisonous better than most people, he would excel in ________ intelligence.

A) spatial
B) interpersonal
C) bodily-kinesthetic
D) naturalist

Question 69

One problem with measuring personality characteristics of groups of people (e.g., men, women, ethnic minority groups, etc.) is that we may form stereotypes of these people. The problem with this kind of stereotype is that

A) we may not appreciate the rich variation within the groups.
B) we may prove that previous stereotypes may not apply to the groups.
C) it is conducted only on a sample of people from the groups.
D) the study may not be well controlled.

Question 70

A teacher uses a test of verbal fluency to determine who will lead a group of children. While the test may be accurate for children who speak English as a first language, it may not be accurate for children who speak English as a second language. The application of this test is a

A) problem of treatment.
B) problem of identification.
C) bias of the user of the test.
D) bias in the usage of the test.

Question 71

If a therapist diagnoses ethnic minorities displaying the same symptoms as their European American counterparts as having schizophrenia whereas the therapist diagnoses the European American clients as having bipolar disorder, this therapist is demonstrating a

A) problem of treatment.
B) problem of identification.
C) bias of the user of the test.
D) bias in the usage of the test.

Question 72

Bias in the user of a test refers to

A) the introduction of bias in the interpretation of a test.
B) the introduction of a test that is inappropriate for a particular situation.
C) bias in society's values of what is important.
D) bias in determining which test to use on a participant.

Question 73

Bias in the usage of a test refers to

A) the introduction of bias in the interpretation of a test.
B) the introduction of a test that is inappropriate for a particular situation.
C) bias in society's values of what is important.
D) bias in determining which test to use on a participant.