Deck 4: Attitudes

Question 1

The tendency to develop more positive feelings towards an attitude object when we are exposed to it more, is known as ______.

A) the mere exposure effect
B) familiarity breeding contempt
C) mere-liking
D) an attitude

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The way in which animals and people learn by observing associations between stimuli in their environment is known, in general terms, as ______.

A) classical conditioning
B) associative learning
C) operant conditioning
D) self-perception theory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

If positive words were repeatedly paired with a social group such as French and negative words were repeatedly paired with German, what would happen to the perceiver's evaluations of these social groups? The perceiver would develop ______.`

A) a slightly more positive evaluation of the French and a slightly more negative evaluation of the Germans
B) a much more positive evaluation of the French and a much more negative evaluation of the Germans
C) a slightly more negative evaluation of the French and a slightly more positive evaluation of the Germans
D) a much more negative evaluation of the French and a much more negative evaluation of the Germans

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The idea that we form attitudes based on the observations of our own behaviour is known as ______.

A) cognitive dissonance
B) attribution theory
C) self-perception theory
D) operant conditioning

Question 5

Chaiken and Baldwin (1981) demonstrated that people would infer their attitude towards an issue based on the way in which they had been asked questions about it, for example, perceivers asked about pro-environmental practices thought they were more environmentally friendly than those asked about anti-environmental practices.
This effect was more likely if the perceiver ______.

A) didn't care about the environment
B) had very strong attitudes about environmental issues
C) had weak attitudes about the environment
D) was female

Question 6

The idea that the movement of facial muscles may alter blood flow to the brain, which subsequently alters temperature and mood is ______.

A) the mere exposure effect
B) the facial feedback hypothesis
C) a bit crazy
D) the vascular theory of emotion

Question 7

There are four basic needs that adopting different attitudes can address. These are ego-defensive, ______, utilitarian, ______.

A) knowledge; value-expression
B) knowledge; emotion
C) authoritarian; knowledge
D) hunger; shelter

Question 8

Attitudes that function to protect the perceivers from a threatening truth about themselves are known to be ______.

A) ego-retentive
B) ego-defensive
C) id-reactive
D) superego-defensive

Question 9

The theory of planned behaviour suggests that the most proximal determinant of intentional behaviour is ______.

A) behavioural intentions
B) perceived control
C) subjective norms
D) attitudes

Question 10

Cognitive dissonance theory suggests that if the perceiver performs a specific behaviour that is incongruent with their attitude, the perceiver will feel some discomfort and, as a last resort to remove this, will be motivated to ______.

A) apologise for their behaviour
B) change their attitude so that it is in line with the behaviour
C) change their behaviour so that it is in line with the attitude
D) forget about this specific instance

Question 11

Whether dissonance occurs or NOT following a behaviour that is incongruent with an attitude that the perceiver holds is affected by ______.

A) justification
B) choice
C) investment
D) all of these

Question 12

In self-perception theory, a ______ prior attitude is a prerequisite for the effect. In cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance will NOT occur unless there is a prior attitude that is fairly ______.

A) strong; strong
B) weak; weak
C) weak; strong
D) strong; weak

Question 13

There are two models of how persuasion changes attitudes. Both of these are dual process models and suggest that the central route is taken when ______.

A) people are motivated to think about the content of the message
B) people are unwilling to think about the content of the message
C) the perceiver is a cognitive miser
D) none of these

Question 14

Attitude change via the peripheral route may be more effective if the source of the attitude is ______.

A) female
B) male
C) attractive
D) unattractive

Question 15

The credibility of the source may influence how persuasive a message is. For example, you may be ______ likely to buy a social psychology textbook that a ______ has told you about.

A) less; lecturer
B) more; friend
C) less; friend
D) more; lecturer

Question 16

Mita, Dermer and Knight (1977) found that people prefer a photograph of themselves that is a ______ print, rather than a ______ print, demonstrating the ______ effect.

A) normal photo; mirror image; associative learning
B) symmetrical; asymmetrical; mere exposure
C) mirror image; normal photo; mere exposure
D) symmetrical; asymmetrical; better than average

Question 17

Associative learning is a more powerful determinant of attitude formation when ______.

A) the initial attitude is positive
B) there is little knowledge available about the attitude object
C) the initial attitude is negative
D) there is lots of existing knowledge available about the attitude object

Question 18

Which approach to attitude formation focuses on how attitudes are formed passively, outside of our awareness?

A) self-perception theory
B) associative learning
C) mere exposure
D) all of these

Question 19

Which of the following are identified by the functional approach to attitude formation as psychological needs that can be addressed by adopting different attitudes?

A) utilitarian, knowledge, ego-defensive, value-expression
B) emotional, utilitarian, knowledge, value-expression
C) ego-reactive, utilitarian, knowledge, value-expression
D) utilitarian, knowledge, ego-retentive, emotional

Question 20

Fishbein and Coombs (1974) found that the correlation between attitudes and voting behaviour was ______ one week before voting in an election, compared to one month before voting.

A) the same
B) stronger
C) weaker
D) insignificant

Question 21

The idea that the easier an attitude comes to mind, the more likely it is that it will affect our behaviour is known as ______.

A) the representativeness heuristic
B) an internal attribution
C) the availability heuristic
D) the anchoring heuristic

Question 22

Which of the following was NOT identified by the theory of planned behaviour to interact and determine behavioural intentions?

A) self-awareness
B) attitudes
C) subjective norms
D) perceived behavioural control

Question 23

Which two theories predict that behaviour causes attitudes rather than the other way around?

A) self-perception theory and the mere exposure effect
B) cognitive dissonance theory and theory of reasoned action
C) self-perception theory and cognitive dissonance theory
D) cognitive dissonance theory and theory of planned behaviour

Question 24

According to cognitive dissonance theory, when people feel they have justification for having behaved in a way that is counter to their attitude, ______.

A) they change their behaviour to match their attitude
B) they change their attitude to match their behaviour
C) the attitude remains unchanged
D) they experience a feeling of discomfort

Question 25

Within the dual process models of persuasion, the route taken when people are motivated and able to think carefully about the content of a persuasive message is known as ______.

A) the systematic route
B) the peripheral route
C) the heuristic route
D) the central route

Question 26

According to conversion theory, when people hear a persuasive argument from a majority source, they are more likely to ______.

A) use the central route
B) employ systematic processing
C) employ heuristic processing
D) experience cognitive dissonance

Question 27

Martin and Hewstone (2003) found that when the message of a persuasive argument did NOT have a negative personal outcome, participants who received the message from a minority source ______.

A) used the peripheral route
B) were only influenced by high quality messages
C) were equally influenced by strong and weak messages
D) were unaffected

Question 28

Within the dual process models of persuasion, when the central route is taken, the key determinant of persuasion is ______.

A) how attractive the source is
B) source credibility
C) argument quality
D) number of arguments presented

Question 29

The degree to which someone is concerned with what people think of them is known as ______.

A) source credibility
B) self-monitoring
C) need for closure
D) need to evaluate