Deck 9: Intergroup Relations

Question 1

Tajfel et al.'s minimal group paradigm experiment found that ______.

A) people were strongly biased in favour of their own group
B) people were mostly self-interested
C) people were biased in favour of the outgroup
D) people showed a tendency to differentiate their group from the other

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Ethnocentrism is ______.

A) a belief in the equal treatment of all people
B) a negative behaviour directed towards a specific outgroup
C) the intensification of ingroup loyalty and increase in hostility towards the outgroup
D) the higher positive evaluation of ingroup members compared to outgroup members

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Realistic conflict theory suggests that conflict between groups is a result of ______.

A) mere categorisation
B) individuals upbringing
C) belief similarity
D) competition for scarce resources

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Assignment to participant groups within the minimal group's paradigm is ______.

A) based on participants' race
B) based on participants' age
C) arbitrary
D) according to belief similarity

Question 5

Which of the below suggests that there is an automatic tendency to think of all people who are in the same category as being similar to one another, and a corresponding automatic tendency to think of all people who are in different categories as being different from one another?

A) self-categorisation theory
B) self-anchoring theory
C) the category differentiation model
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 6

Tajfel and Turner (1979) proposed which classic theory of intergroup relations?

A) self-categorisation theory
B) social identity theory
C) the category differentiation model
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 7

Terror management theory suggests that people who believe they are meeting the values of their cultural worldview ______.

A) show greater intergroup bias
B) have a higher self-esteem
C) show greater social projection
D) all of these

Question 8

The concept of 'mortality salience' belongs to which theory of intergroup relations?

A) self-categorisation theory
B) social identity theory
C) terror management theory
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 9

Crisp and Beck (2005) found that blurring intergroup boundaries reduced intergroup bias in ______.

A) low in-group identifiers
B) high in-group identifiers
C) both low in-group identifiers and high in-group identifiers
D) neither of these

Question 10

The common ingroup identity model argues that bias is reduced via ______.

A) decategorisation
B) differentiation
C) recategorisation
D) individuation

Question 11

Decategorisation is associated with a(n) ______ in ingroup evaluation, recategorisation is associated with a(n) ______ in outgroup evaluation.

A) increase; decrease
B) increase; increase
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase

Question 12

Cross-categorisation works by ______.

A) making people angry
B) recategorisation
C) reducing differentiation
D) decreasing subtyping

Question 13

Ethnocentrism is ______.

A) hostile behaviour towards outgroups and high ingroup identification
B) hostile behaviour towards ethnic groups
C) high ingroup identification
D) hostile behaviour towards ethnic groups and high ethnic group identification

Question 14

People identify with groups in order to attain ______.

A) positive distinctiveness
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) positive self-worth
D) all of these

Question 15

The f-scale was used to measure ______.

A) social dominance orientation
B) authoritarianism
C) subjective uncertainty
D) fanaticism

Question 16

Intensification of ingroup loyalty and increase in hostility towards the outgroup is known as ______.

A) prejudice
B) discrimination
C) ethnocentrism
D) racism

Question 17

The robber's cave study found derogation of the outgroup emerged ______.

A) after mere group formation
B) when competition between the two groups was introduced
C) when cooperative goals were introduced
D) in none of the above conditions

Question 18

Which theory of intergroup relations suggests that conflict between groups is the result of the perception of scare resources?

A) self-categorisation theory
B) self-anchoring theory
C) the category differentiation model
D) realistic group conflict theory

Question 19

Tajfel's minimal groups studies demonstrated that ______ is sufficient for bias.

A) category differentiation
B) mere categorisation
C) self-anchoring
D) intergroup competition

Question 20

The category differentiation model suggests that people have an automatic tendency to accentuate ______.

A) differences within categories and differences between categories
B) similarities within categories and similarities between categories
C) similarities within categories and differences between categories
D) differences within categories and similarities between categories

Question 21

Which of the following theories can explain the minimal group bias?

A) self-anchoring theory
B) category differentiation model
C) belief similarity
D) all of these

Question 22

While ______ can explain how the desire to create a simplified, meaningful impression of the social context leads to differentiation, ______ can explain the ingroup favouring direction of this differentiation.

A) self-anchoring theory; social identity theory
B) social identity theory; the category differentiation model
C) the category differentiation model; the common ingroup identity model
D) the category differentiation model; social identity theory

Question 23

The perception of increased similarity within, and increased differentiation between, ingroup and outgroup categories is known as ______.

A) positive distinctiveness
B) the meta-contrast principle
C) optimal distinctiveness
D) maximum differentiation

Question 24

Which theory argues that people are motivated by two needs, the need for assimilation and the need for differentiation?

A) optimal distinctiveness theory
B) the meta-contrast principle
C) the subjective uncertainty reduction hypothesis
D) positive distinctiveness theory

Question 25

Individual's tendency to predict the feelings, thoughts and behaviours of others based on their own feelings, thoughts and behaviours is known as ______.

A) self-verification
B) uncertainty reduction
C) social projection
D) self-projection

Question 26

Which theory of intergroup relations argues that for novel ingroups, but not outgroups, we project our own positive attributes to create a positive norm?

A) self-categorisation
B) social identity theory
C) self-anchoring theory
D) social projection theory

Question 27

A popular study asked Christian participants to form impressions of Christian and Jewish individuals after heightening "mortality salience"; that is, reminding people of the prospect of their own death. It was found that mortality salience predicted a more positive evaluation of the Christian individual and a more negative evaluation of the Jewish individual. Such findings support which theory of intergroup relations?

A) belief similarity
B) subjective uncertainty reduction hypothesis
C) social identity theory
D) terror management theory

Question 28

The common ingroup identity model suggests that the best way to improve intergroup relationships is by encouraging people to ______.

A) use many different ways of categorising people
B) stop using categories to form an impression of others, and instead see them as individuals
C) recategorise people from a two-group representation, to a one-group representation.
D) all of these

Question 29

Which of the following factors have been found to help create a common ingroup identity?

A) making people happy
B) intergroup contact
C) making people more aware of a superordinate inclusive identity
D) all of these

Question 30

Which approach reduces intergroup bias by increased complexity of the intergroup context so that perceivers may be unable to use, or combine, social categorisations in any meaningful ways?

A) decategorisation
B) recategorisation
C) multiple categorisation
D) cross-categorisation