Deck 10: Aggression

Question 1

The psychodynamic approach to aggression suggests that aggression ______.

A) is a natural build-up of tension in the body that needs to be released to restore balance
B) derives from a death instinct
C) is redirected self-destructive behaviour
D) all of these

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Social theories of aggression tend to focus on ______.

A) the innate tendency we have to be aggressive
B) the evolutionary value of being aggressive
C) the way in which the tendency to be aggressive is shaped by others and the environment
D) all of these

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Berkowitz argued that frustration generates anger, which in turn increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviour. However, he noted that aggressive behaviour would only arise if ______.

A) the cause of the frustration was a person
B) there were appropriate cues in the environment
C) there was a very high level of frustration
D) all of these

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The idea that the strength of a link between an event and a behaviour depends on whether the behaviour is rewarded or punished is known as ______.

A) social learning theory
B) modelling
C) operant conditioning
D) observational learning

Question 5

Which of the following are criticisms of social learning theory?

A) it does not take into account individual differences
B) it is too simplistic
C) results may be explained by other co-occurring processes
D) all of these

Question 6

Boys are more aggressive than girls. This is due to ______.

A) hormones
B) gender socialisation
C) hormones and gender socialisation
D) genetics

Question 7

A(n) ______ in aggression occurs when the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream is ______.

A) increase; low
B) increase; high
C) decrease; rising
D) increase; rising

Question 8

Physical factor(s) that may influence aggression are ______.

A) temperature
B) space
C) smell
D) all of these

Question 9

A perception that a group is being unfairly disadvantaged compared to other people or groups is known as ______.

A) the reciprocity principle
B) deindividuation
C) egotism
D) relative deprivation

Question 10

A culture of honour is a belief system which ______.

A) maintains that honour is more important than anything else
B) refutes the need for violence and aggression when protecting one's property and integrity
C) endorses violence and aggression when protecting one's property and integrity
D) none of these

Question 11

The process by which individuals in a large group or crowd see themselves as an anonymous and less accountable group member rather than as an individual is ______.

A) deindividuation
B) disinhibition
C) dehumanisation
D) none of these

Question 12

Dehumanisation occurs when people fail to see others as unique ______. By considering someone else to be in some way less than human, a perpetrator is ______ to appreciate the suffering experienced by the target of their aggression.

A) objects; less likely
B) people; more likely
C) human beings; less likely
D) human beings; more likely

Question 13

Verbal or physical aggression towards a relationship partner or family member is known as ______.

A) sexual aggression
B) domestic violence
C) reciprocity principle
D) token resistance

Question 14

The erroneous belief that women secretly enjoy being sexually assaulted is known as: ______.

A) the enjoyment myth
B) the enjoyment legend
C) the rape myth
D) the rape legend

Question 15

Changing the conditions on which floor of Moghaddam's model can prevent terrorism?

A) ground floor
B) fifth floor
C) third floor
D) fourth floor

Question 16

Which theory suggests that aggressive behaviour occurs as a result of a natural build-up of tension in the body, which eventually needs to be released to restore balance?

A) excitation-transfer model
B) psychodynamic theory
C) frustration-aggression hypothesis
D) evolutionary approach

Question 17

Which theory suggests that aggressive behaviour will only arise if there are appropriate cues in the environment?

A) frustration-aggression hypothesis
B) social learning theory
C) cathartic hypothesis
D) cognitive neo-associationalist model

Question 18

The excitation-transfer model suggests that arousal in one situation can carry over into a completely different situation. Such arousal is referred to as ______.

A) non-specific arousal
B) situational arousal
C) residual arousal
D) excitation

Question 19

Which of the following theories focuses on explaining aggressive acts as innate tendencies rather than as a function of the situation?

A) cathartic hypothesis
B) psychodynamic theory
C) excitation-transfer model
D) cognitive neo-associationalist model

Question 20

Bandura, Ross and Ross's (1961) classic finding that children who were given an opportunity to observe aggressive behaviour later showed aggressive behaviour themselves, supports which approach to aggression?

A) operant reinforcement
B) classical conditioning
C) social learning theory
D) cathartic hypothesis

Question 21

The tendency to experience feelings of discomfort and inadequacy is known as ______.

A) emotional susceptibility
B) rumination
C) irritability
D) type A personality

Question 22

It is suggested that ______ are likely to be more confident that their aggressive behaviour will have positive outcomes and may therefore be more likely to behave aggressively.

A) individuals with a type A personality
B) individuals with a type B personality
C) extroverts
D) individuals with high self-esteem

Question 23

Giancola and Zeichner (1997) found that men who had drunk alcohol were more aggressive when blood alcohol concentration ______.

A) was ascending
B) was descending
C) was at its peak
D) none of these

Question 24

The idea that drunk people behave aggressively based on expectations about how alcohol will affect behaviour is ______.

A) only true for males
B) known as alcohol expectancy theory
C) known as alcohol anticipation theory
D) known as the placebo effect

Question 25

Research suggests there is ______ correlation between heat and aggression.

A) no significant
B) a positive
C) a negative
D) a curvilinear

Question 26

Aggression intended to cause harm is known as ______, whereas aggression that serves a different purpose than to cause harm is known as______.

A) direct; indirect
B) indirect; direct
C) affective; instrumental
D) instrumental; affective

Question 27

The belief system that endorses violence as a means of protecting one's property and integrity is known as ______.

A) a subculture of violence
B) a gang
C) a culture of honour
D) relative deprivation

Question 28

The process whereby people lose their identity as an idiosyncratic individual and come to perceive themselves as an anonymous - and therefore less accountable - group member is known as ______.

A) collective aggression
B) deindividuation
C) dehumanisation
D) disinhibition

Question 29

Deindividuation and dehumanisation principles suggest different causes of aggressive behaviour. The difference between the two is that ______.

A) one explains an increase in aggressive behaviour while one explains a decrease in aggressive behaviour
B) one suggests group norms are ignored and the other suggests that a new norm is created
C) one suggests aggression occurs because the aggressor feels anonymous and the other suggests aggression occurs because the victim is seen as anonymous
D) one focuses on individual aggression while one focuses on collective aggression

Question 30

Token resistance ______.

A) is the controversial argument that women sometimes say 'no' to sex when they mean to say 'yes'
B) increases the likelihood of acquaintance rape
C) is a result of a double standard whereby men are applauded for sexual promiscuity while women who appear too sexually active are seen as immoral
D) all of these