Deck 12: Affiliation and Attraction

Question 1

A social link formed between two or more individuals is known as a(n) ______.

A) affiliation
B) bond
C) attachment
D) attraction

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The dialectic principle involves ______.

A) individual variation in our desire for contact
B) individual variation in our desire for privacy
C) the alignment of desire with contact
D) the opposition of desire with contact

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Brain imaging studies conducted by Johnson and colleagues (1999) show that introverts are higher in arousability, the degree to which stimulation typically produces arousal of the central nervous system, than extroverts. This study has been used to argue that ______.

A) there may be individual differences in the need for affiliation
B) that introverts may steer clear of social interaction to prevent their arousal level from reaching uncomfortable levels
C) that extroverts may seek out affiliations to raise their level of arousal
D) all of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

People who are highly socially anxious are more attentive to faces with ______.

A) big brown eyes
B) very small pupils
C) negative facial expressions
D) positive facial expressions

Question 5

The theory that proposes that emotional experience is based on two factors, physiological arousal and a search for cues in the social environment, which might explain why arousal is known as the ______.

A) arousal-attribution theory
B) two-factor theory of emotion
C) social affiliation model
D) self-regulation theory

Question 6

Internal attributions for loneliness are more likely to lead to ______.

A) chronic loneliness
B) eating disorders
C) happiness
D) short-term loneliness

Question 7

Men tend to prefer women with a small waist to hip ratio. This may be because ______.

A) men are only interested in a woman's physical appearance
B) it signifies youthfulness, health and fertility
C) these women are perceived to have a nicer personality
D) none of these

Question 8

People prefer faces based on their maturity. Female faces are preferred if they are ______ mature, and male faces are preferred if they are ______ mature.

A) less; less
B) more; more
C) less; more
D) more; less

Question 9

People who are more attractive are perceived to be ______.

A) more intelligent
B) less intelligent
C) more intelligent and actually are more intelligent
D) less intelligent and are actually more intelligent

Question 10

Attraction is predicted by ______.

A) similarity to the self
B) similarity of attitudes
C) complementarity
D) all of these

Question 11

Which of the following theories provides an explanation for why similarity predicts attraction?

A) the two-factor emotion theory
B) complementarity
C) balance theory
D) the mere exposure effect

Question 12

The idea that the social perceiver will like people who like them and dislike people who dislike them is known as the ______.

A) reciprocity principle
B) complementarity principle
C) mere exposure hypothesis
D) social comparison principle

Question 13

Grush and colleagues (1978) have demonstrated the powerful effects of familiarity. They found that in 83% of cases, the successful candidate in the 1972 congressional primaries in the United States could be predicted by the amount of media exposure they received. This demonstrates which of the following theories or effects?

A) the privacy regulation theory
B) the matching hypothesis
C) the reciprocity principle
D) the mere exposure effect

Question 14

Generalised anxiety may cause the perceiver to ______.

A) seek out other people
B) avoid other people
C) seek out other people who are feeling anxious
D) seek out other people who are not feeling anxious

Question 15

The idea that youth and beauty are more important determinants of attractiveness in women than status whereas status and power are more important attributes in men is known as ______.

A) power for gender effect
B) attractiveness for gender effect
C) looks for power effect
D) looks for status exchange

Question 16

The term that describes a social link formed between two or more individuals is ______.

A) attraction
B) familiarity
C) affiliation
D) attachment

Question 17

The evolutionary approach suggests that our tendency to form close relationships ______.

A) fluctuates over time
B) is an inherited trait that helps us to survive and reproduce
C) operates according to principles of homeostasis
D) all of these

Question 18

The idea that our desire for privacy can vary from being open to others or closed off to others is known as ______.

A) homeostasis
B) the dialectic principle
C) the optimisation principle
D) social anxiety

Question 19

The process by which people control their level of contact with others in order to keep it stable and as close as possible to the desired level is known as ______.

A) homeostasis
B) dialectic principle
C) optimisation principle
D) equilibrium

Question 20

Which of the following has been identified as a main factor related to loneliness?

A) personality traits
B) social circumstances
C) social-cognitive tendencies
D) all of these

Question 21

According to evolutionary psychologists, which physical characteristic is indicative of physical health and a lack of genetic defects?

A) small waist-to-hip ratio
B) facial symmetry
C) slim build
D) facial maturity

Question 22

The finding that individuals perceived to be physically attractive have better personalities and lead happier lives is ______.

A) a myth
B) true in individualistic cultures
C) true in collectivist cultures
D) true in both individualist and collectivist cultures

Question 23

Newcomb (1961) had participants fill in questionnaires about their attitudes and values before they arrived at university. Although in their first few weeks of university participants preferred those who lived close to them, over time attraction was more closely related to similarity in their initial attitudes. Such findings suggest that ______.

A) only physical or obvious bases for similarity are important
B) similarity on the basis of psychological characteristics are important in the early phases of a relationship, but a physical basis for similarity becomes more important over time
C) proximity is more important than similarity
D) a physical basis for similarity is important in the early phases of a relationship, but similarity on the basis of psychological characteristics becomes more important over time

Question 24

Research suggests we are attracted to people ______.

A) with similar demographics
B) with similar attitudes
C) of similar physical attractiveness
D) all of these

Question 25

Which of the following does NOT provide an explanation for the relationship between similarity and attraction?

A) balance theory
B) the mere exposure effect
C) social comparison
D) evolutionary approach

Question 26

Which theory of attraction suggests that if two people are friends but have opposing views, they will avoid tension and arousal by either changing their attitude towards each other or changing their attitudes so that they are more in line with one another?

A) social comparison
B) evolutionary perspective
C) balance theory
D) reciprocity principle

Question 27

Balance theory suggests that a relationship between two people will be balanced when ______.

A) they are of similar physical attractiveness
B) they share the same values
C) material and psychological resources are exchanged equally between individuals
D) they share similar genes

Question 28

Which of the following theories argues that humans are unconsciously attracted to similar others because they share similar genes?

A) the mere exposure effect
B) complementarity principle
C) evolutionary explanation
D) matching hypothesis

Question 29

Looks-for-status exchange suggests that men are attracted to younger women because female youth signifies ______, while women are attracted to ______ men because their age is likely to be accompanied by ______.

A) fertility; older; beauty
B) fertility; younger; higher social status
C) beauty; older; higher social status
D) beauty; younger; intelligence

Question 30

Dittes and Kelley (1956) had participants take part in small group discussions. Prior to this, anonymous written evaluations led participants to believe that other group members either liked them or disliked them. Results showed that students who believed they were liked were more attracted to the group than those who believed that they were disliked. Such findings demonstrate that ______ is partly responsible for attraction.

A) status
B) familiarity
C) complementarity
D) reciprocity