Deck 14: Organized Crime, Homeland Security, and Global Issues

Question 1

______ is defined as "crime that takes place across national borders [and] has had profound consequences for the ordering of the world system."

A) White-collar crime
B) Organized crime
C) Terrorism
D) Transnational crime

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Transnational crime encompasses which of the following?

A) terrorism and property crime
B) organized crime and white-collar crime
C) terrorism and organized crime
D) organized crime and property crime

Answer 2

C

Question 3

All of the following were identified in the text as having created opportunities for crime with an increased geographic scope EXCEPT for ______.

A) the breakdown of the Soviet Union
B) transition to a unified monetary system in most of Europe
C) the Ukrainian-Russian conflict
D) the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement that includes all of the following countries EXCEPT for ______.

A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Mexico
D) Argentina

Question 5

Which of the following was identified as a tactic expected of a transnational organized crime group?

A) advertising their activities on local media
B) bank and credit card fraud
C) violence and bribery
D) kidnapping and extortion

Question 6

Transnational organized crime organizations are driven by ______.

A) financial gain and power
B) political ideology
C) religious ideology
D) social upheaval

Question 7

Transnational organized crime organizations exhibit all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for ______.

A) they tend to be hierarchical in structure
B) they are only governed by informal rules
C) they have a distinct division of labor
D) they have exclusive membership

Question 8

______ refers to any group having some manner of a formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities.

A) White-collar crime
B) Organized crime
C) Terrorism
D) Transnational crime

Question 9

Which of the following was identified as a transnational crime?

A) mail fraud
B) marine piracy
C) formulated bankruptcy
D) insider trading

Question 10

Which of the following types of organized crime has become facilitated by the Internet?

A) human trafficking
B) environmental resources crimes
C) marine piracy
D) counterfeit goods trafficking

Question 11

The Boryokudan is an example of a(n) ______ organized crime group.

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) African
D) Hungarian

Question 12

All of the following are considered white-collar crimes EXCEPT for ______.

A) public corruption
B) pickpocketing
C) environmental law violations
D) embezzlement

Question 13

______ crime is illegal or unethical acts that violate the fiduciary responsibility of public trust by an individual or organization, usually during the course of legitimate occupational activity, by persons of high or respectable social status for personal or organizational gain.

A) Organized
B) White-collar
C) Green-sleeve
D) Transnational

Question 14

White-collar crime often occurs in the course of ______.

A) marginally illegal acts, such as speeding
B) partaking in ordinarily good acts, such as donating to a charity
C) indulging in personal vices, such as gambling and drinking
D) legitimate occupational activity

Question 15

The textbook identified all of the following as white-collar crime categories EXCEPT for ______.

A) telemarketing fraud
B) computer and Internet fraud
C) institutional corruption
D) shakedowns

Question 16

Bank fraud is an example of ______.

A) white-collar crime
B) disorganized crime
C) loan sharking
D) blue-collar crime

Question 17

______ attempts to disguise the original source of monies, normally through illegal means, and infuse said monies into the legitimate marketplace.

A) Cash cleaning
B) Money laundering
C) Securities fraud
D) Insider trading

Question 18

Which of the following represents the estimated costs of white-collar crime in the United States annually?

A) $50 billion to $75 billion
B) $80 billion to $300 billion
C) $100 billion to $300 billion
D) $300 billion to $600 billion

Question 19

All of the following are considered to be social costs of white-collar crime EXCEPT for ______.

A) a weakened respect for the law
B) the loss of faith in a variety of institutions within society
C) diminished reputations of governments
D) a severe loss in revenue

Question 20

______ is a premeditated and unlawful act in which groups or agents of some principal engage in a threatened or actual use of force or violence against human or property targets.

A) Organized
B) White-collar
C) Terrorism
D) Transnational

Question 21

______ are a loose network of individuals living in the United States who profess to believe that federal, state, and local governments operate illegally.

A) Patriot saints
B) Sovereign citizens
C) Terrorist pockets
D) Judicious groups

Question 22

All of the following were noted as major challenges to investigators of threats of terrorism EXCEPT for ______.

A) global efforts to provide clean water to undeveloped countries
B) increased mobility
C) improved communication technologies
D) potential use of weapons of mass destruction

Question 23

One factor in the expansion of transnational crime is that in countries with weakened and/or unstable governments, ______ have become more powerful than the government of the state.

A) criminal organizations
B) local media powers
C) local militias
D) Internet viral videos

Question 24

Which of the following types of governments is vulnerable to a cycle of undermining control by organized criminals?

A) democratic governments
B) monarchic governments
C) unstable governments
D) stable governments

Question 25

All of the following were identified as ways of financing other transnational crimes like terrorism EXCEPT for ______.

A) illegal trade in nuclear materials
B) large-scale arms smuggling
C) sex trafficking
D) international narcotics trafficking

Question 26

The burden of counterterrorism has fallen squarely on the shoulders of ______ agencies.

A) local law enforcement
B) state law enforcement
C) federal law enforcement
D) international law enforcement

Question 27

Who is often the first to have contact with a terror suspect before, during, or after an attack?

A) local law enforcement
B) state law enforcement
C) federal law enforcement
D) international law enforcement

Question 28

The USA PATRIOT Act was passed in an effort to combat ______.

A) terrorism
B) transnational crime
C) white-collar crime
D) organized crime

Question 29

Which of the following was identified as the greatest obstacle to effective criminal investigation?

A) lack of intelligence
B) ineffective communication
C) lack of resources
D) bureaucratic red tape

Question 30

All of the following were identified as ways in which the USA PATRIOT Act expanded federal police powers EXCEPT for ______.

A) allowing for the detention of non-U.S. citizens suspected of terrorist activity for up to seven days without formal charges
B) giving law enforcement officers greater subpoena power for email records of suspected terrorists
C) relaxing restrictions on information sharing between U.S. law enforcement and intelligence-gathering agencies
D) increasing resources, such as funding, to enable police departments to effectively monitor suspected terrorists

Question 31

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act was enacted in ______.

A) 1950
B) 1960
C) 1970
D) 1980

Question 32

An ______ is defined by the RICO statute as any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of individuals associated in fact, although not a legal entity.

A) organization
B) cell group
C) enterprise
D) individual

Question 33

To fulfill the pattern requirement of RICO, prosecutors must prove the commission of at least two of the crimes the statute names within a ______-year time span

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 34

Which of the following was identified as an area of great public concern regarding the new police response to terrorism?

A) racial profiling
B) abuse of power
C) police brutality
D) use of force

Question 35

Some people criticize antiterrorism preparedness strategies because of their possible impact on ______.

A) the drawing of school districts
B) police performance
C) the quality of care provided in emergency departments
D) the speed of governmental services such as fire department response times and mail delivery

Question 36

When local officers are part of ______, they are also assigned to federal agencies and are officially sworn to enforce federal laws.

A) first-responder teams
B) transnational organized crime
C) task forces
D) white-collar crime

Question 37

Which of the following was the focus of the first counterterrorism action team?

A) commuters
B) the military
C) school-aged children
D) law enforcement

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a recommended component of continuing education and training activities for local and state-level first responders regarding terrorism response?

A) judicious exercise of discretionary authority
B) professionalism
C) improvised explosive device detonation tactics
D) ethics

Question 39

All of the following are examples of first responders EXCEPT for ______.

A) police officers
B) firefighters
C) military personnel
D) emergency medical personnel

Question 40

According to the text, who must assume the lead role in the endeavor of first responder preparedness?

A) local governments
B) state governments
C) federal governments
D) international governments

Question 41

All of the following were identified as necessary to maintain the level of readiness required to protect the public EXCEPT for ______.

A) disseminating detailed plans to personnel
B) familiarizing officers with the available equipment
C) providing enhanced and comprehensive training from a variety of sources
D) increasing the amount of funding provided to agencies

Question 42

Which of the following is credited as the ultimate action that thwarted a potential terrorist attack in New York City in May 2010?

A) professional and quick response of local law enforcement
B) ineptitude of the would-be terrorist
C) poor weather conditions that prevented many people from being in the location at the time of the intended attack
D) a concerned citizen speaking up and reporting a suspicious vehicle to law enforcement

Question 43

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has established a program called ______ as part of the overall terrorism prevention plan.

A) "if you see something, say something"
B) "don't judge, before you know for certain"
C) "everyone's a suspect"
D) "don't hesitate, call for help"

Question 44

Which of the following agencies is undergoing a transformation in the way it collects and uses intelligence?

A) the CIA
B) the FBI
C) the DOJ
D) the NSA

Question 45

Throughout the text, the authors emphasized the importance of all of the following elements used to combat crime and terrorism EXCEPT for ______.

A) legislation
B) public awareness
C) preparedness
D) resources

Question 46

In the chapter summary, the authors state that the issue of preparedness must also include input from ______.

A) academicians
B) victims of crime
C) religious clergy
D) international allies

Question 47

According to the authors, the United States ______.

A) must be guided by intelligence and facts
B) must be guided by the principle of "an eye for an eye"
C) must be guided by the spirit of interagency and interdisciplinary cooperation and public awareness
D) must be guided by the executives of the agencies and their interests

Question 48

According to the authors, the most significant point to be made from this chapter is that the United States' efforts to respond to terrorism must ______.

A) be just, lawful, and responsible
B) be cost effective and efficient
C) be transparent
D) include the citizens

Question 49

Organized crime is defined as "crime that takes place across national borders [and] has had profound consequences for the ordering of the world system."

Question 50

Transnational crime is especially problematic in states where the rule of law is semi-strong, and the government is unstable.

Question 51

Eastern European groups that partake in human smuggling would not constitute a transnational organized crime group.

Question 52

Transnational crime refers to any group having some manner of a formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities.

Question 53

Transnational organized crime (TOC) organizations are driven more by political or religious ideology than by financial gain or power.

Question 54

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) defines TOC broadly as "any serious transnational offense undertaken by three or more people with the aim of material gain."

Question 55

Boryokudan is a criminal organization that was originally formed in the United States and has since grown into a transnational organized crime group.

Question 56

ISIS would be a prime example of a typical transnational organized crime group because it is driven by religious ideology.

Question 57

The trend in transnational organized crime is toward a more decentralized cell approach, whereby participants may operate independent of one another.

Question 58

Extortion has been a crime greatly facilitated by the Internet.

Question 59

The UNODC describes the TOC world as a network of "flows" or trafficking routes between suppliers and consumers that span international boundaries and continents.

Question 60

Most white-collar crime is localized in scope, occurring within a nation's borders.

Question 61

Money laundering attempts to disguise the original source of monies, normally through illegal means, and infuse said monies into the legitimate marketplace.

Question 62

The World Federation of United Nations Associations estimates the global costs of white-collar crime in 2008 alone to be in excess of $100 trillion.

Question 63

White-collar crime is victimless.

Question 64

White-collar crime in the United States amounts to between $300 billion and $600 billion each year, far more than the total losses from all crimes against property, including burglary and bank robbery.

Question 65

Terrorism is a premeditated and unlawful act in which groups or agents of some principal engage in a threatened or actual use of force or violence against human or property targets.

Question 66

Terrorists rely heavily on the element of surprise in their attacks.

Question 67

In addition to bombings, which tragically have become commonplace around the world, emergency service personnel must be able to respond to biological, chemical, and technological (or cyber-terrorism) attacks.

Question 68

Sovereign citizens believe they can reject the authority of the federal government and are thus exempt from paying taxes or following other federal laws.

Question 69

Some acts of terrorism in the United States are transnational in origin and nature, while others are the "homegrown" or domestic variety.

Question 70

The illegal trade in nuclear materials, large-scale arms smuggling, and international narcotics trafficking were identified as ways of financing other transnational crimes like terrorism and illegal alien smuggling.

Question 71

It is possible for the threat of terrorism to be eliminated once certain organizations and ideologies are eradicated, which could potentially occur in the next few decades.

Question 72

The FBI estimates the worldwide monetary costs of organized crime to be in the area of $5 trillion.

Question 73

It is imperative that local law enforcement agencies assume some of the burden of responsibility for preventing and containing the risks of domestic and international terrorist incidents.

Question 74

Local law enforcement agencies, because of their routine daily contact with so many people in the general public, could easily uncover terrorist activity in conjunction with their daily duties.

Question 75

The USA PATRIOT Act allows for the detention of non-U.S. citizens suspected of terrorist activity for up to seven days without formal charges.

Question 76

Local police officers are assigned to federal agencies (e.g., DEA, FBI, ATF, ICE) to make up a joint task force, but the main flaw with the system is that local police officers are not officially sworn to enforce federal laws.

Question 77

The federal government must assume the lead role in responding to terrorism, but local agencies must assist in a concerted, multilevel effort.

Question 78

Mail carriers can qualify as first responders.

Question 79

Counterterrorism action teams were once focused on the commuting public.

Question 80

Public awareness is an essential element in defending against terrorism.