Deck 12: Policing in a Diverse Society

Question 1

Which of the following statements is true regarding policing in a multicultural and multiethnic society?

A) There is no single, large, homogeneous group that is the public.
B) The burden of trying to improve police-community relations often rests with the public.
C) Conflict within specific subgroups is nothing to worry about.
D) Conflict between the public and police is not healthy.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All of the following states were identified as having high levels of immigration EXCEPT for ______.

A) California
B) Texas
C) New York
D) Ohio

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following are considered to be the two fastest growing populations in the United States?

A) Whites and Hispanics
B) Blacks and Hispanics
C) Hispanics and Asians
D) Asians and Middle Easterners

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following undermines the public's willingness to cooperate?

A) cynicism
B) hate
C) bias
D) racism

Question 5

______ are challenging in the face of anti-immigration legislation.

A) Problem-oriented strategies
B) Community-oriented strategies
C) Intelligence-led strategies
D) Evidence-based strategies

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of immigration in the United States?

A) Interactions between immigrants and the police often involve social misunderstanding.
B) Police agencies characterized by ethnic diversity do not necessarily serve the public better.
C) Community cooperation is not required.
D) Immigrants are more trusting of police than non-immigrants.

Question 7

Which of the following cities was identified as having jails that have become de facto mental institutions?

A) Los Angeles
B) Miami
C) Dallas
D) Chicago

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true regarding the mentally ill population?

A) The police do not fully understand this population.
B) Budgets are not a concern for mental health systems across the United States.
C) Jail is never an option for a person who is mentally ill.
D) Police departments are not trained in crisis intervention.

Question 9

______ refers to preconceived notions based on prior encounters, word of mouth/rumor/gossip, and information provided by the media.

A) Racism
B) Prejudice
C) Discrimination
D) Stereotypes

Question 10

Which of the following is true about human relations in policing?

A) Most encounters are criminal in nature, characterized by some degree of misunderstanding and lack of respect.
B) In domestic situations with Latin Americans or those from the Middle East, the situation can be doubly problematic because of the cultural prohibitions against allowing outsiders into intimate relationships.
C) It is possible to exaggerate the difficulties involved in police encounters with other citizens, because most are criminal in nature.
D) Historically, police and minority encounters have been positive.

Question 11

The Jim Crow era was one filled with conflict for ______ and the police.

A) Blacks
B) Whites
C) Hispanics
D) Asians

Question 12

______ is a feeling about a person or persons based on faulty generalizations.

A) Discrimination
B) Hatred
C) Bias
D) Prejudice

Question 13

______ involves behavior that, in its negative form, excludes all members of a certain group from some rights, opportunities, or privileges.

A) Discrimination
B) Bias
C) Corruption
D) Prejudice

Question 14

______ discrimination happens when an officer may not believe in acting in a discriminatory fashion, her coworkers exhibit such behavior, and she acts in that fashion to belong to the "in-group."

A) Copycat
B) Conforming
C) Occupational
D) Recreational

Question 15

______ discrimination is defined in the textbook as discrimination that results, in part at least, from being a member of a particular work group. Even though an individual officer may not believe in acting in a discriminatory fashion, his colleagues may exhibit such behavior.

A) Nationality
B) Residential
C) Group
D) Occupational

Question 16

______ harassment is defined in the textbook as harassment based on the use of racial slurs and other attempts to embarrass or humiliate members of the minority group.

A) Psychological
B) Sexual
C) Racial
D) Ethnical

Question 17

The most common form of discrimination in minority neighborhoods is ______ harassment.

A) psychological
B) occupational
C) sexual
D) recreational

Question 18

The textbook mentions all of the following forms of discrimination by police in minority neighborhoods EXCEPT for ______.

A) infrequent but unacceptable use of excessive force
B) failure to respond rapidly to calls in ghetto areas
C) the unreasonable use of "stop and question" or "stop and frisk"
D) the use of information learned during cultural sensitivity training

Question 19

Officer Browne encountered José, who is Hispanic. Instead of referring to José by his first name, Officer Browne referred to him as "boy." This is an example of ______.

A) racial bias
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) psychological harassment

Question 20

______ by police officers continues to be one of the most common complaints about the police express by citizens.

A) Physical abuse
B) Lethal force
C) Verbal abuse
D) Occupational abuse

Question 21

What proportion of Blacks indicate that they believe they have been stopped by the police directly as a result of their race at some point in their lifetime?

A) 1 in 5
B) 4 in 10
C) 7 in 10
D) 3 in 5

Question 22

Stop-question-and-frisk policies emerged in ______.

A) New York
B) Los Angeles
C) Chicago
D) Miami

Question 23

Stop-question-and-frisk policies were ruled constitutional because they had a harmful impact on ______.

A) low-income, high-crime neighborhoods
B) high-income, low-crime neighborhoods
C) low-income, low-crime neighborhoods
D) high-income, high-crime neighborhoods

Question 24

Which of the following information is generally collected as part of mandatory data collection by police departments?

A) the type of car the individual was driving
B) racial and ethnic data once the stop has occurred
C) whether any tickets were issued
D) the reason for the stop

Question 25

All of the following were identified as disadvantages of mandatory data collection EXCEPT for ______.

A) it can cause officers to focus on the characteristics they should ignore
B) it can pressure officers to come up with the right numbers by the end of their shift
C) it can lead to false reporting
D) it can be an excellent defense against allegations of biased enforcement

Question 26

What percentage of individuals surveyed by Gallup indicate that they believe racial profiling is a widespread practice by police officers?

A) 89%
B) 59%
C) 32%
D) 67%

Question 27

When officers stop or detain a person solely because of the person's race, they often do so in response to a call regarding ______.

A) an escaped felon
B) a suspected robbery
C) a suspected drug deal
D) a suspicious person

Question 28

According to Gallup polls, ______ percent of adults surveyed believed that racial profiling was widespread.

A) 34
B) 56
C) 59
D) 61

Question 29

______ is a cultural orientation in which the law and the agents of its enforcement are viewed as illegitimate, unresponsive, and ill equipped to ensure public safety.

A) Misrepresentation
B) Official unethicalism
C) Legal cynicism
D) Disproportionalism

Question 30

All of the following were cited as a reason for Hispanics and African Americans holding more critical views of the police EXCEPT for ______.

A) religious views
B) neighborhood crime conditions
C) direct experiences with police
D) mass media representations of police

Question 31

Legal cynicism often exists in ______.

A) low-crime neighborhoods
B) high-crime neighborhoods
C) high-income neighborhoods
D) low-income neighborhoods

Question 32

All of the following create an impression of the police EXCEPT for ______.

A) the officer's uniform
B) symbol on the squad car
C) response of the dispatcher or receptionist
D) building location

Question 33

______ consist(s) of decisions, statements, and plans made by management in an attempt to influence public opinion.

A) Public relations
B) Practice
C) Policy
D) Perceptions

Question 34

______ is the process of putting policies into action.

A) Adoption
B) Practice
C) Evaluation
D) Agenda setting

Question 35

Training in cultural diversity focuses on all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) improving communication skills
B) recognizing signs of prejudice and bias
C) appreciating the benefits of diversity
D) creating collegiality based on implicit bias

Question 36

Two key terms related to police success in multicultural relations are accountability and ______.

A) respect
B) communications
C) responsiveness
D) human nature

Question 37

______ refers to the provision of appropriate police services promptly and competently and referrals to appropriate services outside of police jurisdiction.

A) Respect
B) Communications
C) Responsiveness
D) Human nature

Question 38

Which of the following requires that police administrators recognize and convey to the public that it may be impossible or inappropriate for the police to respond to all citizen requests for service?

A) accountability
B) communication
C) responsiveness
D) transparency

Question 39

All of the following were identified as ways in which accountability could be accomplished EXCEPT for ______.

A) creating periodic reports for the public
B) removing internal affairs
C) developing a civilian board
D) creating outreach programs

Question 40

The most serious complaint reported against police officers was ______.

A) misuse of force
B) verbal abuse
C) the use of racial slurs
D) unwillingness to assist

Question 41

______ is a voluntary process in which community members and officers sit down in a neutral and confidential setting facilitated by a professional to discuss their differences.

A) Mediation
B) Performance evaluations
C) Counseling
D) Interrogation

Question 42

Members who comprise less than 15% of a group's total are referred to as ______.

A) minorities
B) tokens
C) littles
D) rookies

Question 43

All minorities experience some level of tokenism. However, ______ experienced greater levels of tokenism than other minority officers.

A) Black males and Black females
B) Black males and Hispanic males
C) Black females and Hispanic females
D) Black females and Hispanic males

Question 44

The first women in policing were charged with duties that were similar to ______.

A) patrol
B) detective work
C) social work
D) babysitting

Question 45

The term ______ is used to discuss the stresses experienced by Black police officers.

A) responsiveness
B) double marginality
C) accountability
D) protective coloration

Question 46

All of the following are noted to be an asset in the performance of women police officers EXCEPT for ______.

A) agility
B) cool headedness
C) multilingualism
D) good communication skills

Question 47

All of the following were identified as challenges that African American police officers face EXCEPT for ______.

A) Blacks in positions of authority are uncommon
B) Black officers might be perceived as more black than blue
C) they have an easier time than White officers when dealing with Black citizens
D) Black officers suffer from double marginality

Question 48

All of the following were identified as a challenge for Hispanic police officers EXCEPT for ______.

A) college education is rare
B) language barriers
C) they are not taken as seriously by their peers as other minorities
D) physical size requirements

Question 49

______ refers to the fact that Black police officers can often gather information that would be extremely difficult for White officers to obtain.

A) Color blindness
B) Protective coloration
C) Selective blindness
D) Gathering advantage

Question 50

All of the following cities were noted to have targeted the LGBTQ community for hiring new police officers EXCEPT for ______.

A) Los Angeles
B) New York
C) Seattle
D) Miami

Question 51

The term police-community relations can be misleading.

Question 52

Minority populations and the elderly population are increasing in the United States.

Question 53

Community-oriented strategies are easy in the face of anti-immigration legislation.

Question 54

Many immigrants entering the United States come from countries where the police are corrupt, brutal, unreliable, and insensitive.

Question 55

Jails in some cities have become de facto mental health institutions.

Question 56

Police are often referred to as if they are not part of society.

Question 57

Our country has a long history of conflict between the police and minority communities.

Question 58

One of the most controversial areas of police-community relations is encompassed by encounters, particularly those with Asians and Hispanics.

Question 59

Victims of crime are more likely to report unfavorable attitudes toward the police, often feeling the police failed to protect them or their family members.

Question 60

Police officers can also give in to peer pressure in an attempt to be a part of the in-group.

Question 61

The most common form of discrimination is occupational discrimination.

Question 62

Verbal abuse by police officers continues to be one of the most common complaints about the police expressed by citizens.

Question 63

Psychological harassment is based on the use of physical force and other attempts to embarrass or humiliate members of the minority group.

Question 64

Stop-question-and-frisk policies were ruled unconstitutional because they had a harmful impact on high-income communities.

Question 65

Mandatory data collection requires police to record detailed information on the race or ethnicity of persons they encounter and to attend sensitivity training.

Question 66

Police officers frequently respond to calls from the public concerning "suspicious persons."

Question 67

Negative stereotypes are often accurate and based on facts.

Question 68

Social media is currently being used by police to engage with citizens.

Question 69

The racial and ethnic identity of the police officers in a community should closely reflect that of the demographics in the community they serve.

Question 70

A multiethnic police department will be problem free.

Question 71

Responsiveness refers to the provision of appropriate police services promptly and competently with referrals to appropriate services outside of police jurisdiction.

Question 72

Accountability is difficulty to accomplish.

Question 73

Community-police mediation programs are mandatory on the part of police involvement.

Question 74

The notion of "tokenism" refers to members of a workplace population whose racial, ethnic, gender, or other demographic identity comprises 15% or less of the whole workplace population.

Question 75

The first women in policing were charged with duties more akin to social work than law enforcement or order maintenance and were paid less than men.

Question 76

Studies have found that female officers are more likely to be college educated and less likely to receive citizen complaints, misconduct charges, or claims of excessive force than male officers.

Question 77

The concept of double marginality refers to the notion that White male officers tend to be biased against both women and minority officers.

Question 78

The cause for a large turnover of female police officers was due to discrimination on behalf of male officers, among other reasons.

Question 79

The negative attitudes of policemen toward policewomen are most often based on experience.

Question 80

Some of the most problematic encounters involving the police occur between White police officers and minority citizens.