Deck 9: Law, Court Decisions, and the Police

Question 1

______ law was established to maintain peace and order, and its basic purpose is to protect society from the injurious acts of individuals.

A) Civil
B) Criminal
C) Administrative
D) Tribal

Answer 1

B

Question 2

______ defines and determines the rights of individuals to protect their persons and property.

A) Civil law
B) Criminal law
C) Administrative law
D) Tribal law

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The law in the United States is ______.

A) simple
B) small
C) always the same
D) sometimes contradictory

Answer 3

D

Question 4

It is the responsibility of the ______ in a given jurisdiction to advise the police in matters pertaining to law and to help them prepare cases for trial.

A) prosecutor
B) judge
C) police chief
D) defense attorney

Question 5

Which amendment refers to freedom of religion and speech and often requires police intervention to protect protesters or those protested against?

A) 1st
B) 2nd
C) 3rd
D) 4th

Question 6

Which of the following court cases held that the 1st Amendment protects hateful protests at military funerals?

A) Snyder v. Phelps et al.
B) District of Columbia v. Heller
C) McDonald v. Chicago
D) Brinegar v. United States

Question 7

All of the following may lead to police intervention EXCEPT for ______.

A) hate speech
B) fighting words
C) obscenities
D) political speech

Question 8

Which of the following amendments deals with the right to bear arms?

A) 1st
B) 2nd
C) 4th
D) 5th

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true concerning gun control and conceal and carry?

A) The right to carry concealed weapons has not received a great deal of attention in the past few years.
B) Law enforcement officials support both sides of the argument.
C) Attempts by states and municipalities to control licensing, ownership, and carrying of guns have been fruitful.
D) Convicted felons and those with histories of mental illness may not be prohibited from gun ownership, according to the 2nd Amendment.

Question 10

According to the textbook, which of the following is true about gun control?

A) Police are unified in a fight against allowing citizens to carry concealed firearms.
B) Gun control statutes typically prohibit felons, but not the mentally ill, from owning guns.
C) Police are concerned about the 2nd Amendment because its interpretation determines to some extent the number of citizens who have access to and permission to carry weapons.
D) Only 10 states now allow some form of concealed carrying of firearms.

Question 11

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court reverse a 70-year position that the 2nd Amendment should apply only to organized militias?

A) Snyder v. Phelps et al.
B) District of Columbia v. Heller
C) McDonald v. Chicago
D) Brinegar v. United States

Question 12

Heller opened the door for many other challenges to the application of the 2nd Amendment at the ______.

A) local level
B) state level
C) federal level
D) tribal level

Question 13

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court rule that the personal right to keep and bear arms applies not only to the federal government but also to state and local governments?

A) Snyder v. Phelps et al.
B) District of Columbia v. Heller
C) McDonald v. Chicago
D) Brinegar v. United States

Question 14

Which of the following amendments prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures of persons, houses, papers, and effects and requires that probable cause be demonstrated prior to the issuing of warrants?

A) 1st
B) 2nd
C) 4th
D) 14th

Question 15

A ______ occurs "when an expectation of privacy that society is prepared to consider reasonable is infringed."

A) search
B) seizure
C) arrest
D) indictment

Question 16

The ______ Amendment is probably the most fluid amendment with respect to changes in case law and the requirements that must be met to search persons, properties, and vehicles.

A) 1st
B) 2nd
C) 4th
D) 5th

Question 17

Which of the following refers to what a reasonable person, in similar circumstances, based on similar information, might conclude?

A) good-faith doctrine
B) reasonableness
C) exigent circumstances
D) reasonable suspicion

Question 18

The notion of probable cause is derived from the ______ Amendment.

A) 2nd
B) 4th
C) 5th
D) 14th

Question 19

In which of the following cases did the Supreme Court find that probable cause exists when facts and circumstances within a police officer's knowledge are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution to believe that an offense has been or is being committed by the person being arrested?

A) Snyder v. Phelps et al.
B) District of Columbia v. Heller
C) McDonald v. Chicago
D) Brinegar v. United States

Question 20

When based on objective facts and logical conclusions given a specific set of circumstances, ______ may be used as the basis for stopping and frisking suspicious individuals.

A) probable cause
B) totality of circumstances
C) reasonable suspicion
D) exigent circumstances

Question 21

Which of the following cases established a precedent for the reasonable use of force that persists today?

A) Snyder v. Phelps et al.
B) District of Columbia v. Heller
C) McDonald v. Chicago
D) Graham v. Connor

Question 22

Which of the following is true about probable cause?

A) Probable cause does not necessarily need to precede the stop or arrest. If the situation is dangerous, the evidence may be obtained after a safe stop and can be used to establish probable cause.
B) An officer can establish probable cause based on his or her own observations.
C) An officer cannot establish probable cause based on something observed by someone else.
D) If evidence is obtained without probable cause, it will likely be okay to use at the time of trial.

Question 23

An order in writing, issued by a judge, that commands the officer requesting it to search for certain types of property in certain locations is referred to as a ______.

A) warrant
B) consent decree
C) habeas corpus
D) tort

Question 24

In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court held that warrantless searches conducted in exigent circumstances do not violate the 4th Amendment so long as the police did not create the exigency by violating or threatening to violate the 4th Amendment.

A) Snyder v. Phelps et al.
B) District of Columbia v. Heller
C) Kentucky v. King
D) Graham v. Connor

Question 25

The ______ holds that if a police officer sees an incriminating object in plain view during a legitimate stop, he or she may seize the object.

A) plain view doctrine
B) inevitable discovery doctrine
C) inevitable source doctrine
D) fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine

Question 26

In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that the acquisition of the suspect's cell-site records was a Fourth Amendment search, and that the suspect had a reasonable expectation of privacy?

A) Snyder v. Phelps et al.
B) Carpenter v. United States
C) Kentucky v. King
D) Graham v. Connor

Question 27

In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that prolonging the detention of a person who is subject to a traffic stop for the purpose of waiting for drug-sniffing dogs to arrive and further inspect the vehicle is unconstitutional?

A) Rodriquez v. U.S.
B) Carpenter v. United States
C) Kentucky v. King
D) Graham v. Connor

Question 28

The basic law governing searches related to arrest can be found in ______.

A) Rodriquez v. U.S.
B) Carpenter v. United States
C) Chimel v. California
D) Graham v. Connor

Question 29

Which of the following occurs when an individual voluntarily waives his or her 4th Amendment rights and allows a police officer to search his or her person, belongings, vehicle, or home?

A) consent search
B) unwarranted search
C) seizure
D) arrest

Question 30

Which of the following represents the point at which an investigation becomes an interrogation?

A) when a person requests the presence of an attorney, regardless of his or her status as a suspect in a crime
B) when the captain says, "Go"
C) when the police have evidence beyond a reasonable doubt who perpetrated a crime
D) when the investigation is no longer a general inquiry but has begun to focus on a particular suspect

Question 31

The right against self-incrimination is guaranteed in the ______ Amendment.

A) 1st
B) 2nd
C) 4th
D) 5th

Question 32

The impact of the privilege against self-incrimination on police actions is related to all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) statements
B) admissions
C) confessions given to police officers
D) evidence

Question 33

If you are an officer who arrests persons because you know without any doubt they are guilty of a crime but prior to obtaining all the necessary evidence and following proper procedures, you subscribe to which line of thinking?

A) good-faith model
B) crime control model
C) due process model
D) inevitable discovery model

Question 34

Which of the following amendments is often referred to as the due process amendment?

A) 2nd
B) 4th
C) 5th
D) 14th

Question 35

Which of the following prevents the federal government and all states from denying the protection of the law to any group of persons by making arbitrary, unreasonable distinctions based on race, religion, gender, and national origin?

A) equal protection clause
B) supremacy clause
C) necessary and proper clause
D) commerce clause

Question 36

Which of the following best exemplifies the crime control model?

A) demonstrating that a tip came from a reliable informant
B) obtaining a proper search warrant
C) maintaining a proper chain of evidence
D) breaking down a door, finding drugs, and arresting the individual

Question 37

The ______ is a judicially imposed requirement that any evidence obtained by the police using methods that violate an individual's constitutional rights be excluded in a criminal prosecution against that individual.

A) equal protection clause
B) exclusionary rule
C) necessary and proper clause
D) consent decree

Question 38

The ______ deals with searches conducted with a warrant.

A) fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
B) good-faith doctrine
C) inevitable discovery doctrine
D) independent source doctrine

Question 39

The ______ allows the admission of illegally obtained evidence if it would have been discovered lawfully in the "normal course of events" anyway.

A) fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
B) good-faith doctrine
C) inevitable discovery doctrine
D) independent source doctrine

Question 40

The ______ _ doctrine holds that illegally obtained evidence may be admitted if it was also obtained through an independent source not tainted by police misconduct.

A) fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
B) good-faith doctrine
C) inevitable discovery doctrine
D) independent source doctrine

Question 41

Most terrorists claim to be ______.

A) anti-American
B) ISIS
C) freedom fighters
D) atheists

Question 42

What rule prohibits the use of evidence in court if it was obtained by police or an agent of the police in violation of the constitutional rights of the suspect?

A) inclusionary rule
B) due process rule
C) bad faith doctrine
D) exclusionary rule

Question 43

The exclusionary rule was first expounded in ______ and applied only to federal law enforcement officers.

A) Mapp v. Ohio
B) Weeks v. United States
C) Miranda v. Arizona
D) Wolf v. Colorado

Question 44

The exclusionary rule applies to evidence obtained directly as the result of constitutional violations and also to evidence found indirectly as a result of the violation under what is referred to as the ______.

A) fruits of the crime doctrine
B) bad evidence doctrine
C) forbidden fruits doctrine
D) fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine

Question 45

The ______ deals with searches conducted with a warrant, and it states that when a police officer acting in good faith obtains a warrant, conducts a search, and seizes evidence, that evidence will not be excluded from court proceedings even if the warrant is later invalidated.

A) fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine
B) good-faith doctrine
C) plain view doctrine
D) none of the above

Question 46

The ______ allows the admission of illegally obtained evidence if it would have been discovered lawfully in the "normal course of events" anyway.

A) inevitable discovery doctrine
B) independent source doctrine
C) plain view doctrine
D) none of these

Question 47

The ______ holds that illegally obtained evidence may be admitted if it was also obtained through an independent source not tainted by police misconduct.

A) personal source doctrine
B) source secrecy doctrine
C) independent source doctrine
D) none of these

Question 48

In ______, the Supreme Court recognized that announcing the presence of a police officer and waiting outside for a response is unreasonable in certain cases.

A) Scott v. Harris
B) Wilson v. Arkansas
C) Tennessee v. Garner
D) none of these

Question 49

It is the responsibility of the judge to advise the police in matters pertaining to law and to help them prepare cases for trial.

Question 50

Determining whether a law has been broken is a technical judgment.

Question 51

Making broad statements on the Internet meant to intimidate another person is a clear violation of the 1st Amendment.

Question 52

The right to have a peaceful assembly falls under the 2nd Amendment.

Question 53

The sharing of child pornography via the Internet, for example, has been ruled beyond the protection of the 1st Amendment.

Question 54

The 2nd Amendment does not address due process.

Question 55

The right to carry concealed weapons has received a good deal of attention in the past few years, with law enforcement officials coming down on both sides of the argument.

Question 56

If a transgender person complains of being held among his or her biological gender in jail, as opposed to his or her identified gender, he or she would have a valid complaint of a 14th Amendment violation against the department and municipality holding him or her.

Question 57

A seizure occurs when an expectation of privacy that society is prepared to consider reasonable is infringed.

Question 58

To comprehend the impact of the 4th Amendment, the police must be conversant with the underlying concepts of probable cause and reasonableness.

Question 59

Reasonable suspicion, which is short of probable cause, may be used as a basis for stopping and even frisking specific individuals under the right circumstances.

Question 60

Reasonableness generally refers to what a reasonable person, in similar circumstances, based on similar information, might conclude.

Question 61

Reasonableness is a single standard across all cases.

Question 62

The reasonable suspicion or probable cause must have preceded the stop or arrest and cannot be based on the evidence found after the stop or arrest.

Question 63

Under the plain view doctrine, an officer can seize an incriminating object in his or her view, even if it is in a vehicle, as long as the officer is legally present when the object is seen.

Question 64

A search warrant is an order in writing, issued by a judge, that commands the officer requesting it to search for certain types of property in certain locations.

Question 65

A warrant places the burden of proof on the defense, which must demonstrate how the search was unlawful.

Question 66

To justify a full search, the suspect must be taken into custody by the officer, and the arresting officer must conduct that search.

Question 67

Officers may legally strip search an arrested offender prior to taking him or her to jail, even if there is no reason to suspect that the individual is carrying contraband.

Question 68

An example of a consent search might involve a traffic stop during which the officer asks the driver of the stopped vehicle to open his trunk immediately.

Question 69

Coercion may be used in searches.

Question 70

The protection from being indicted for the same crime twice falls under the 4th Amendment.

Question 71

The 14th Amendment is often referred to as the due process amendment.

Question 72

The due process model allows for the arrest of individuals who are known to be factually guilty of committing a crime.

Question 73

The model that advocates for the arrest of individuals who are known to be guilty, even if the evidence does not yet support it, is the due process model.

Question 74

The "fruit of the poisonous tree" is the term for any suspects who are the children of other convicted criminals.

Question 75

The good-faith doctrine allows the admission of illegally obtained evidence if it would have been discovered lawfully in the "normal course of events" anyway.

Question 76

If police mistakes lead to an unlawful search, the Supreme Court has indicated that the exclusionary rule does not apply.

Question 77

The exclusionary rule was specifically designed to prevent police misconduct and applies to both police officers and those acting as their agents.

Question 78

The independent source doctrine holds that illegally obtained evidence may be admitted if it was also obtained through an independent source not tainted by police misconduct.

Question 79

"Less-than-lethal force" refers to force used by the officer that is not likely to result in serious bodily harm or death, whereas "lethal or deadly force" may result in great bodily harm or death.

Question 80

In exigent circumstances, the officer may enter a home without a warrant.