Deck 2: A Brief History of Police in the United States

Question 1

Historical analysis revealed the roots of all of the following policing issues EXCEPT for ______.

A) professionalism
B) discretion
C) burnout
D) corruption

Answer 1

D

Question 2

______ is based on ethical practice and characteristics such as good personal character, personal and organizational accountability, a commitment to higher education and continuous training, and intolerance for misconduct.

A) Discretion
B) Corruption
C) Professionalism
D) Inefficiency

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Policing has international historical roots in the United States, and most of these roots can be traced to ______.

A) England
B) Rome
C) Egypt
D) China

Answer 3

A

Question 4

English settlers brought with them the ______ watch system that required able-bodied males to donate their time to help protect the cities.

A) day
B) night
C) evening
D) graveyard

Question 5

In 1749, residents of Philadelphia convinced legislators to pass a law creating the position of ______.

A) sheriff
B) warden
C) watchman
D) magistrate

Question 6

Who is generally credited with developing municipal policing (in London) in response to the growth of cities, crime, and mob violence?

A) Peter Colquhoun
B) Herman Goldstein
C) Robert Peel
D) Dan Wolmack

Question 7

Dispute resolution during the early settling of America consisted of all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) blood feuds
B) eye-gouging
C) duels
D) jail time

Question 8

The nation's first motor patrol was established in which city?

A) Boston
B) Chicago
C) New York
D) Philadelphia

Question 9

The first day watch system in the United States was established in which of the following U.S. cities?

A) New York
B) Philadelphia
C) Boston
D) San Francisco

Question 10

The police are noted to have carried revolvers on their person as far back as the ______.

A) 1770s
B) 1820s
C) 1850s
D) 1920s

Question 11

One of the first technological advances implemented by the Boston Police Department was ______.

A) the use of fingerprints for forensic investigations
B) the use of photography in crime scenes
C) the connection of central headquarters to all other station houses by telegraph
D) increased street lighting to reduce the number of dark areas

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the original tasks of centralized, government-supported police agencies?

A) enforcement of "morality"
B) apprehension of criminals
C) crime prevention
D) tax collection

Question 13

The concept of preventive policing included all of the following maintenance-of-order functions EXCEPT for ______.

A) searching for missing children
B) mediating quarrels
C) helping at fire scenes
D) administering executions

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a commonplace crime in Chicago?

A) ghost payrolls
B) bribes
C) extortion
D) police brutality

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the Political Era is NOT true?

A) The police sometimes granted immunity from arrest to those in power.
B) Corruption and extortion became traditions in many departments.
C) Police officers would seek out every opportunity to make money.
D) It involved radical reorganization with a centralized administrative bureaucracy.

Question 16

Which city has been described as "a cesspool of corruption and violence"?

A) Detroit
B) New Orleans
C) Chicago
D) New York

Question 17

During the Political Era, police officers spent most of their time ______.

A) providing services to all citizens
B) maintaining a really low level of social order necessary for the city and local businesses to operate smoothly
C) seeking out every opportunity available to them to make money
D) attempting to enhance community relations

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a "tradition" of the Political Era that is still used in policing today?

A) nonexistent training
B) the position of the sheriff
C) providing babysitting services at the station
D) hiring men with no education and criminal records

Question 19

During the Political Era, one of the primary missions of police officers was to ______.

A) save lives
B) help put out fires
C) garner votes
D) make arrest quotas

Question 20

______ is generally recognized as the father of modern police management systems.

A) Arthur Niederhoffer
B) August Vollmer
C) William Parker
D) O. W. Wilson

Question 21

The police placing more emphasis on impersonal rules, laws, and discipline was an effort to gain ______.

A) accountability
B) legitimacy
C) equality
D) shared governance

Question 22

Police professionalism during the Reform Era was equated with ______.

A) technological advances and improved administration
B) diminished corruption and increased hiring standards for officers
C) increased diversity among the police force
D) the use of standardized tests in the application process

Question 23

The ______ was formed in 1931 to investigate the rising crime rates, which ultimately directed police away from the service role, challenging them to become law enforcers and to reduce the crime rate.

A) Hoover Commission
B) Corporation Commission
C) Reform Commission of 1931
D) Wickersham Commission

Question 24

The Reform Era involved all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) radical reorganization
B) centralized administrative bureaucracy
C) decreases in the number of police officers
D) specialized units

Question 25

Besides professionalism, which of the following was also promoted during the Reform Era?

A) training
B) higher education
C) politics
D) ethics

Question 26

During the Reform Era, the role of police began to change into a ______.

A) service role
B) crime-fighting role
C) social worker role
D) political role

Question 27

Which of the following specialized units was NOT created under President Hoover's administration?

A) vice
B) juvenile
C) traffic
D) mental health

Question 28

The ______ involved radical reorganization of police agencies.

A) Political Era
B) Reform Era
C) era of social upheaval
D) Community-Policing Era

Question 29

Which of the following is TRUE of the 1960s, which proved to be one of the most challenging decades in the history of policing in the United States?

A) A prowar sentiment grew.
B) Social disorder produced fear.
C) The war on drugs began.
D) Community policing was beginning, but was not advocated for.

Question 30

Which of the following was identified as one of the earlier responsibilities of the police during the era of social upheaval?

A) controlling antiwar protestors
B) decreasing crime
C) increasing service
D) controlling slaves and Native Americans

Question 31

Which of the following were developed in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the social disorder and fear of this period?

A) college degree programs
B) cliques within the police departments
C) civil service classifications
D) war on drug policies

Question 32

The crime rate doubled during the ______.

A) Reform Era
B) Political Era
C) Community-Policing Era
D) era of social upheaval

Question 33

The current status of the role of policing in the United States could be described as ______.

A) shifting on a number of dimensions
B) slow to adapt to technological advances
C) on the brink of being eliminated
D) becoming more militarized

Question 34

Which of the following remains the key characteristic of municipal and local control?

A) diversity
B) social responsibility
C) political culture
D) personal beliefs and values

Question 35

During which period did police depart from the crime-fighting approach and shift to a more contemporary strategy?

A) 1930s-1940s
B) 1940s-1950s
C) 1960s-1970s
D) 1980s-2000s

Question 36

______ is widely regarded as the basis for a new model of policing in the 21st century.

A) LEAA
B) CompStat
C) DARE
D) CALEA

Question 37

As the community-policing model gained momentum in the 1980s and 1990s, another policing strategy known as ______ began to attract increased attention and emphasized the interrelationships among what might otherwise appear to be disparate events.

A) incident-based policing
B) neighborhood watch
C) legal-based policing
D) problem-oriented policing

Question 38

Problem-oriented policing could be described as all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) connecting the dots between otherwise unrelated criminal incidents
B) taking a holistic approach to recurrent problems
C) emphasizing the importance of using a team approach to deal with crime
D) focusing on reorganization

Question 39

The Community-Policing Era is hailed for incorporating the use of computers to do the job of policing in order to do all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) tracking incidents of crime
B) analyzing the common factors within incidents of crime
C) developing strategies to apprehend offenders
D) centralizing bureaucracy

Question 40

Which of the following was identified as an unanticipated problem with the use of technology law enforcement?

A) increasing the gap between officers and citizens
B) increased expenditures
C) a workforce that is too reliant on technology
D) increased morale and job satisfaction

Question 41

One of the first attempts to improve community relations involved ______.

A) speaking at community centers and schools
B) reducing the number of citations and tickets police officers issued
C) increasing crime control efforts
D) increasing the use of patrol cars

Question 42

Community policing was intended to counter all of the following EXCEPT for ______.

A) enhanced technology
B) specialization
C) paramilitary organization
D) political culture

Question 43

Some people predict that policing will return to the ______.

A) problem-oriented model of policing
B) professional model of policing
C) crime-fighting model of policing
D) service model of policing

Question 44

Police in the era of homeland security have to be more familiar with ______.

A) information technology
B) basic training skills
C) criminological theories
D) political norms

Question 45

Which of the following agencies is more likely to have concentrated its investigate efforts and resources on homeland security?

A) federal law enforcement
B) police agencies in suburban areas
C) tribal agencies
D) police agencies in rural areas

Question 46

During the era of homeland security, which of the following is key?

A) political ideologies
B) personal values and beliefs
C) communication
D) education and training

Question 47

The desired outcome during the homeland security area is ______.

A) citizen political satisfaction
B) crime control
C) quality of life
D) citizen safety

Question 48

The function of the police in the era of homeland security is ______.

A) broad social services
B) crime control
C) broad provision of services
D) intelligence gathering

Question 49

Which of the following policing strategies would be best applied to providing assistance to a local public high school in its creation of an emergency plan?

A) intelligence-led policing
B) terrorism-oriented policing
C) community-based policing
D) problem-oriented policing

Question 50

Currently, police departments must find a balance between which two fundamental (yet often contradictory) ideological priorities?

A) fighting terrorism and gathering intelligence
B) gaining the trust of the community while investigating it
C) law enforcement's need for information to protect the community with the rights of privacy of the citizenry
D) departmental expenditures on training officers on tactical best practices versus spending more to obtain new technology

Question 51

The origin of American policing lies in England.

Question 52

By the 1850s, night watches had expanded to provide those living in rural areas with 24-hour protection.

Question 53

The creation of a police force was incited by mob violence and crime of the early 1800s.

Question 54

The notion that a national police force would allow too much power to be held by the government dates back to the ancient Greeks.

Question 55

Patrick Colquhon is frequently referred to as the founder of modern territorial policing.

Question 56

The nation's first motor patrol began in Philadelphia.

Question 57

The FBI currently has offices located in 60 American embassies.

Question 58

Day watch systems were established in the United States in the early to mid-1700s.

Question 59

Sir Robert Peel established in his principles of policing that the public's cooperation diminishes greatly with the increase in need to use physical force.

Question 60

The basic qualification for becoming a police officer was a political connection rather than any ability to perform the basic functions of the job well into the 1900s.

Question 61

During the Reform Era, police officers more often represented the local political party in power than the legal system.

Question 62

From the late 1800s into the early 1900s, virtually no training was provided to new police officers.

Question 63

One major piece of legislation intended to remove government interference and regulation from the process of policing was the Pendleton Act.

Question 64

The Great Depression made it easier to recruit and select more qualified police officers.

Question 65

The Reform Era was characterized by the incorporation of a strong centralized administrative bureaucracy.

Question 66

Concern about the police reached a national level with President Hoover's appointment of the Wickersham Commission in 1931.

Question 67

Juvenile divisions were created during the era of social upheaval as a result of influences of the 1960s and 1970s.

Question 68

During the Reform Era, agencies emphasized promotion and selection based on merit and utilized civil service testing.

Question 69

A major criticism of police unions is that they have a tendency to focus solely on seniority as opposed to performance and are reluctant to implement change within organizations.

Question 70

Police unions remain controversial because of their emphasis on seniority and their opposition to reform.

Question 71

The 1960s was one of the most challenging eras in U.S. policing.

Question 72

Problem-oriented policing focuses on people who cause the most problems, whereas community-oriented policing focuses on communities that cause problems.

Question 73

The intent of community policing was to counter the enhanced technology, specialization, and paramilitary organization that had alienated the citizens the police were sworn to serve and protect.

Question 74

The most commonly performed police work generally falls outside the realm of the criminal justice system.

Question 75

Community relations programs are sponsored by citizens and attempt to improve police-community relations.

Question 76

Police in the era of homeland security have to be more familiar with information technology and the gathering, processing, and disseminating of information.

Question 77

Political ideologies are critical in the homeland security era of policing.

Question 78

Intelligence-led or intelligence-based policing is a policing model that originated in Britain and focuses on risk assessment and risk management.

Question 79

Terrorism-oriented policing requires changes at all levels of policing, most of which add new duties and strategies to existing ones.

Question 80

Current policing strategies regarding terrorism are effective and do not need any fine tuning.