Deck 4: Ethics in Social and Health Research

Question 1

Which of the following is the first contemporary statement of research ethics to articulate ethical standards for conducting biomedical research involving human participants?

A) Declaration of Helsinki
B) Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Investigation
C) Nuremberg Code
D) APA code of ethics

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) infected 2,000 members of which population with syphilis?

A) sex workers in Amsterdam
B) Black men in Tuskegee, Alabama
C) Guatemalans
D) prisoners in the United States

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The regulatory system for ethics in the United States is embodied in what is known as ______.

A) the Common Rule
B) Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Investigation
C) the Common Law
D) APA code of ethics

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The overextension of an ethics committee's jurisdiction into areas that are not actually part of its mandate.

A) the Common Rule
B) ethics creep
C) conflict of role
D) gatekeeping

Question 5

Our ______ is to do research in the best way we know how.

A) research obligation
B) scientific obligation
C) humanistic obligation
D) ethical obligation

Question 6

Our ______is to treat people with dignity and to safeguard their interests.

A) research obligation
B) scientific obligation
C) humanistic obligation
D) ethical obligation

Question 7

Giving participants honest and complete information prior to having them agree to participate in research.

A) participant information sheet
B) rapport
C) research-based protections
D) informed consent

Question 8

Which of the following groups did Lofland and Lejeune covertly observe without consent?

A) Alcoholics Anonymous
B) Tupperware parties
C) Narcotics Anonymous
D) college courses

Question 9

What did Humphrey covertly observe in the Tearoom Trade study?

A) drug deals at nightclubs
B) women at Tupperware parties
C) homosexual encounters in public washrooms
D) friends socializing in tearooms

Question 10

Which researcher(s) tracked participants to their homes via license plate numbers?

A) Lofland and Lejeune
B) Humphrey
C) United States Public Health Service (USPHS)
D) Freud

Question 11

Which of the following social networking site engaged in a "mood manipulation" experiment, resulting in numerous queries into their ethical practices?

A) Instagram
B) Facebook
C) Twitter
D) TikTok

Question 12

______ means researchers take every precaution to ensure that identifiable information--information that can be linked to a specific source--is protected.

A) Informed consent
B) Confidentiality
C) Anonymity
D) The Common Rule

Question 13

______ is often touted as the primary ethical principle in the biomedical community, ______ is more often our priority concern in the social sciences and humanities.

A) Informed consent; confidentiality
B) Confidentiality; informed consent
C) Informed consent; anonymity
D) Confidentiality; anonymity

Question 14

The easiest way to protect the confidentiality of respondents is to allow ______, which means never obtaining or recording participants' names in the first place.

A) pseudonyms
B) confidentiality
C) anonymity
D) encryption

Question 15

You may protect the confidentiality of respondents by using ______, which are invented names that are used consistently for continuity.

A) pseudonyms
B) confidentiality
C) anonymity
D) encryption

Question 16

Researchers engaging in health research can protect participant confidentiality through ______.

A) legal protections
B) privacy certificates
C) certificates of confidentiality
D) statute-based protections

Question 17

______ posits that participants should be protected through maintaining the confidentiality of their data.

A) The common rule
B) Research-based legislation
C) The common law
D) Statute-based protections

Question 18

When ______ are not available, researchers can end up in court where they are forced to argue through ______.

A) statute-based protections; the common law
B) the common law; the Common Rule
C) research-based protections; the common law
D) the common law; statute-based protections

Question 19

Participant information may be protected if the protection in written into law as ______.

A) legal protections
B) research-based legislation
C) research-based protections
D) statute-based protections

Question 20

The U.S. cases regarding privilege in which things have gone badly for researchers they all failed to meet which Wigmore criteria?

A) The communications must originate in a confidence that they will not be disclosed.
B) This element of confidentiality must be essential to the full and satisfactory maintenance of the relation between the parties.
C) The injury that would inure to the relation by the disclosure of the communications must be greater than the benefit thereby gained for the correct disposal of litigation.
D) The relation must be one in which the opinion of the community ought to be sedulously fostered.

Question 21

The Wigmore criteria include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A) the communications must originate in a confidence that they will not be disclosed
B) this element of confidentiality must be essential to the full and satisfactory maintenance of the relation between the parties
C) the communications cannot involve an ongoing threat to human life
D) the relation must be one which in the opinion of the community ought to be sedulously fostered

Question 22

Jaime is doing research on the parent/teacher relationship and has learned that one of their participants has a plot to frame someone for child abuse. Which of the following is a reason to limit confidentiality in this scenario?

A) (un)anticipated third party harm
B) protection of vulnerable populations
C) a realistic appraisal of the situation
D) mandatory reporting

Question 23

Stacy lives in a state that requires that anyone who hears about a child in need of care because of ongoing abuse must report. This is called ______.

A) child protection services
B) protection of vulnerable populations
C) the Common Rule
D) mandatory reporting

Question 24

Which state's supreme court decision for reporting rules for therapists have been adopted by many other states?

A) Texas
B) California
C) New York
D) Ohio

Question 25

Individuals who allow access to participants are referred to as ______.

A) research facilitator
B) research assistant
C) gatekeeper
D) doorkeeper

Question 26

The United States Public Health Service (USPHS) conducted syphilis studies on two separate populations.

Question 27

Men involved in the Tuskegee syphilis study were given syphilis.

Question 28

The CIA sponsored a LSD/brainwashing experiment on psychiatric patients in Montreal in the 1960's.

Question 29

Individuals involved in research do not have an ethical right to keep information private.

Question 30

In social science, research informed consent is always required.

Question 31

Some relationships have "privilege" and thus those engaged in that relationship may be exempt from the requirement to testify.

Question 32

Census Bureau employees cannot publish or disclose any census or survey information that identifies an individual or business.

Question 33

Professional codes of ethics and researcher codes of ethics never clash.

Question 34

Compare and contrast the Tuskegee syphilis study with the Guatemala syphilis study.

Question 35

Summarize the idea of research ethics and discuss how it has changed in the last 50 years.

Question 36

Identify the role of formalized codes of ethics and the advantages and disadvantages of a formalized code.

Question 37

Describe the role of the law in relation to ethical concerns.

Question 38

Summarize potential conflicts of interests for researchers and potential ways to safeguard against this issue.

Question 39

Consider the biomedical horror stories discussed in your chapter. Detail the communities typically targeted for these unethical research projects and discuss the potential lasting impact that this history may have on researchers and participants in the present day.

Question 40

You are a researcher who has just conducted a confidential interview with a participant in a study on people who are fascinated with serial killers. You are also an avid fan of podcast related to murder, and your interview with the participant suggests that they may be an elusive serial killer you just heard about. Apply what you know about confidentiality and the intersection of law and ethics.