Deck 15: Changes in Perception Through the Life-Span

Question 1

Which of the following has not been used to measure infant visual acuity?

A) Sweep VEP
B) Preferential looking
C) Habituation
D) Selective adaptation

Answer 1

D

Question 2

At what age did the data of Braddick et al. show that responses to grating orientation first appear in the VEP?

A) 3 weeks
B) 3 months
C) At birth
D) 1 week

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In a study of infants using preferential looking, Wattam-Bell found that the minimum velocity for discriminating relative motion:

A) Rose between 10 and 13 weeks
B) Fell between 10 and 13 weeks
C) Could not be measured
D) Stayed constant between 10 and 13 weeks

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Kremenitzer et al. showed that OKN:

A) Developed by 6 weeks
B) Developed by 1 year
C) Was present at birth
D) Developed at 4 weeks, but only for very large fields

Question 5

Using VEPs, Wattam-Bell et al. showed when stimuli changed between 0% and 100% coherence:

A) Responses to changes in form and motion were adult-like at 3 weeks
B) Responses to changes in form, but not to motion, were adult-like at 3 weeks
C) Responses to changes in form and motion were adult-like at 5 months
D) Responses to changes in motion were adult-like 5 months in all infants, with those to form adult-like in only about half the infants

Question 6

In children under 10 years of age born prematurely:

A) Thresholds for global motion are likely to be worse affected that those for global form
B) Thresholds for global form are likely to be worse affected that those for global motion
C) Thresholds for global motion and global form are likely to be similar
D) Thresholds for biological motion are likely to be normal

Question 7

Banks et al. showed that spatial frequency selectivity of visual masking was:

A) Present at birth
B) Present at 6 weeks
C) Present at 12 weeks
D) Absent at 12 weeks

Question 8

Norcia et al. suggested that infant contrast sensitivity measured with the sweep VEP was better than when measured with behavioural methods because:

A) The procedure was fast and the infant was less likely to be bored or distracted
B) The parent was told to be more encouraging to the infant
C) Their display was of higher luminance than that usually used
D) The stimuli were presented monocularly

Question 9

Pascalis and de Schonen showed that different faces can be discriminated by infants at:

A) Neonatal stage
B) 1 week
C) 2 weeks
D) 4 weeks

Question 10

Picci and Scherf found that, at puberty, face recognition was better for:

A) More attractive individuals in the peer group
B) Peers than for adults
C) All family members
D) Well-known celebrities

Question 11

Muir and Field showed that infants have some ability to localise sounds:

A) At 3 weeks
B) At birth
C) At 3 months
D) At 6 weeks

Question 12

Romand found that, in the kitten:

A) Detection thresholds of neurons tuned to lower frequencies tend to reach adult levels sooner than do those of neurons tuned to medium and higher frequencies
B) Detection thresholds of neurons tuned to higher frequencies tend to reach adult levels sooner than do those of neurons tuned to medium and lower frequencies
C) There are no obvious differences in the rates of maturation of neurons tuned to different frequencies
D) Frequency tuning does not improve after 1 week

Question 13

Folsom and Wynne found that auditory tuning:

A) Was sharper in adults than in children at higher frequencies
B) Was broader in adults than in children at lower frequencies
C) Was sharper in adults than in children at higher frequencies
D) Was broader in adults than in children at higher frequencies

Question 14

Spatial contrast sensitivity in 80-year-olds:

A) Is much worse at low spatial frequencies than in 20-year-olds
B) Is worse at medium and high spatial frequencies than in 50-year-olds
C) Peaks at low spatial frequencies
D) None of these

Question 15

Temporal contrast sensitivity:

A) Is not affected by ageing
B) Is worse in the elderly at lower frequencies
C) Is worse in the elderly for large fields
D) Is worse in the elderly at higher frequencies

Question 16

Tests of monaural sensitivity to pure tones suggest that:

A) There are losses in the elderly for frequencies above about 100 Hz
B) There are no losses between 20 and 30 years of age
C) Peak sensitivity is at the same frequency in 20- and 80-year-olds
D) There are no losses in the elderly for frequencies above about 3 kHz

Question 17

Which of the following is not a risk factor for hearing loss?

A) Taking some anti-cancer medications
B) Smoking
C) Moderate alcohol consumption
D) Being male rather than female

Question 18

Which of the following has not been suggested to contribute to age-related losses of taste?

A) Loss of taste buds in circumvallate papillae
B) Reduced access of tastants to taste buds
C) Loss of taste buds in fungiform papillae
D) Reduced activity in left posterior insula

Question 19

The just noticeable difference in taste for concentration:

A) Is similar for caffeine in young and elderly participants
B) Is similar for sucrose in young and elderly participants
C) Is much higher for sucrose in elderly than in young participants
D) Is similar for sucrose and caffeine

Question 20

Which of the following has not been suggested as a cause of the decline in sensitivity of smell in the elderly?

A) blockages in the holes in the cribriform plate
B) changes in the blood vessels and blood flow in the nasal epithelium
C) alterations to the airways
D) Increase in hair inside the nose

Question 21

In a study using habituation, Slater et al. showed that infants could discriminate different orientations at:

A) 3 weeks
B) 3 months
C) At birth
D) 1 week

Question 22

In a study of infants using preferential looking, Wattam-Bell found that the maximum velocity for discriminating relative motion:

A) Rose between 10 and 13 weeks
B) Fell between 10 and 13 weeks
C) Could not be measured
D) Stayed constant between 10 and 13 weeks

Question 23

VEP responses to global motion are:

A) Greatest in V5 in adults
B) Greatest in V3 in adults
C) Greater subcortically in infants
D) Not present in V5 in infants

Question 24

Scherf et al. (2007) measured activity in the ventral stream with fMRI as their participants viewed still pictures of faces, objects or places, in children, adolescents and adults. They found:

A) Reduced activity in children to places and objects
B) Identical responses to faces in adolescents and adults
C) Similar face-specific responses in all participants
D) Reduced face-specific activity in children

Question 25

Infants begin to prefer looking at human bodies to those of monkeys at:

A) 2 weeks
B) 3.5 months
C) 6 months
D) 3.5 weeks

Question 26

Olsho et al. concluded from their study of changes in sensitivity to sounds in infancy that:

A) between 3 and 6 months, the improvement is greater at higher frequencies
B) After 12 months, the improvement is greater at higher frequencies
C) After 12 months, the only improvements are at lower frequencies
D) No improvements occur before 3 months

Question 27

Losses of contrast sensitivity in the elderly:

A) Are due solely to changes in the eye's optics
B) Apparently occur because the elderly are more cautious
C) Occur solely because of neural losses
D) Occur through a combination of optical changes and neural losses

Question 28

Which of the following has not been suggested as a cause of sensorineural deafness?

A) Losses of outer hair cells
B) Reduction in the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the midbrain
C) Reduction of movement of the ossicles
D) Losses of fibres in the auditory nerve

Question 29

Compared with the young, the elderly require on average how many times as many molecules or ions to detect or recognise a tastant as do the young?

A) 4.7
B) 8.7
C) 14
D) 22

Question 30

As one ages:

A) Taste and smell decline at similar rates
B) Taste declines faster than smell
C) Taste does not decline
D) Smell declines faster than taste

Question 31

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the methods have been used to investigate infant vision?

Question 32

Which aspects of motion perception are present at birth?

Question 33

At what age does face recognition become adult-like?

Question 34

How does sensitivity to different auditory frequencies differ in adults and infants?

Question 35

How do taste and smell decline in the elderly?