Deck 20: Biodiversity and Conservation of the Ocean

Question 1

Over a time scale of many millions of years, biodiversity is controlled by

A) Predation rates
B) Intensity of interspecific competition
C) The balance of speciation and extinction
D) Speciation only

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Most often, the speciation process requires

A) The establishment of a geographic barrier that divides a species into isolated populations
B) Intense interspecific competition
C) Strong gene flow between populations
D) Low extinction rates

Answer 2

A

Question 3

An example of premating isolation is

A) Offspring of two species are inviable
B) Two closely related species spawn at different times during the night
C) Two species have significant genetic difference
D) Two species differ in feeding type

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Provinces

A) Must be in different oceans
B) Have a species composition completely different from all other provinces
C) Are defined statistically and can share species with other provinces
D) Are defined only by one type of organism, e.g., mammals

Question 5

The study of the relationship of geographic change in genetic composition within a species is known as

A) Phylogeny
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Phylogeography
D) Biogeography

Question 6

The hard substratum invertebrates of the Atlantic

A) Are more diverse than in the Pacific
B) Derived from a massive migration from the Pacific
C) Belong to few phyla than in other oceans
D) Arose in the Atlantic in the Cambrian Period

Question 7

Diverse communities

A) Are usually more productive than communities of lower diversity in the same habitat type
B) Are usually of very low productivity
C) Tend to be very unstable
D) None of the above

Question 8

The probability of extinction is enhanced by

A) Reduced population size
B) Restricted geographic range
C) Environmental change
D) All of the above

Question 9

As latitude increases, biodiversity generally

A) Decreases
B) Increases
C) Stays the same
D) Fluctuates randomly

Question 10

For most groups, biodiversity is greater

A) On the Atlantic coast of the U.S., relative to the Pacific coast
B) On the Pacific coast of the U.S., relative to the Atlantic coast
C) In New England than in the Caribbean
D) In Alaska than in southern California

Question 11

The species-area relationship

A) Accurately predicts the species diversity for all groups
B) Predicts more species in smaller areas
C) Has been proven to be completely invalid
D) Probably overestimates the number of species that might survive at higher trophic levels

Question 12

The vicariance hypothesis of biogeography would be supported if

A) All shallow-water species were found on both sides of an ocean
B) Related groups of species are confined to different geographic areas, corresponding to geological history of the origin of the isolated areas
C) Species diversity is higher in diversity centers
D) None of the above

Question 13

Species diversity might be greater in regions with greater areas because

A) Of the greater population sizes in the larger areas
B) Of the lower extinction rates in the larger areas
C) Of greater diversity of habitats in larger areas
D) All of the above

Question 14

The fossil record demonstrates that

A) Diversity has not changed much over the Phanerozoic
B) Major mass extinctions occurred, one extinguishing over 95 percent of the ocean's species
C) Diversity has steadily increased over geological time
D) The Pleistocene glacial age caused the greatest extinction of the past 50 million years

Question 15

In the ocean, centers of high diversity

A) Have much geologically older living representatives than in low diversity areas
B) Are found in high latitudes
C) Have much geologically younger living representatives relative to low diversity areas
D) Are found only in the deep sea

Question 16

Genetic markers are useful for marine species because

A) They can identify separate populations for management
B) They can be used to identify species
C) They allow the establishment of evolutionary relationships among species
D) All of the above

Question 17

Invaders may be ecologically compatible with the area they invade but may not expand in the target area because

A) They cannot increase in population size sufficiently to produce a sustaining population
B) They may be vulnerable to predators they have never encountered
C) They may be vulnerable to parasites they have never before encountered
D) All of the above

Question 18

Invasion frequency has increased for marine invaders because

A) Ships are now mainly using water for ballast, which allows the transport of swimming organisms and planktonic larvae
B) More logs are being dropped at sea, which allows rafting
C) Ports consist of very disturbed habitats with opportunities for colonization
D) Both b and c

Question 19

Why are home and professional aquarium sources so likely to cause successful invasions?

A) Aquarists try to release their holdings because they want invasions to occur
B) Aquarium-held species are always suitable for nearby habitats
C) Popular aquarium species fit the model of frequent invasion episodes
D) All of the above