Deck 9: Gender, Sexuality, and the Body

Question 1

The difference between sex and gender is

A) that sex is our understanding of biological traits, whereas we recognize gender as a creation of culture
B) that gender is our understanding of biological traits, whereas we recognize sex as a creation of culture
C) nothing, as these terms are interchangeable
D) that sex describes our visible physical characteristics, whereas gender describes that that are invisible, such as chromosomes and hormones

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A baby born with physical sex characteristics that cannot be easily classified as "male" or "female" is described as

A) intersex
B) transgender
C) bisexual
D) asexual

Answer 2

A

Question 3

On the elementary school playground, Rebecca, a little girl, asks to play with a group of boys who are playing flag football. The leader of the boys tells her, "Flag football is for boys. Go play four squares with the girls." The little boy is relying on _____________ to decide who can play flag football.

A) gender stereotypes
B) hierarchy of masculinities
C) gender dysphoria
D) emphasized femininity

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In a binary gender system,

A) gender is considered a personal choice
B) only two genders are recognized
C) multiple genders are recognized
D) people are permitted to shift their gender identities as needed

Question 5

When you follow a gender script, you

A) challenge gender stereotypes
B) enjoy signaling the gender cues associated with your gender
C) comply with expectations about how people of your gender are to act, think, feel, think, and appear
D) affirm other people's right to living as a person of their gender

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a gender cue?

A) Wearing a t-shirt from your favorite restaurant
B) Wearing a wedding band if you are married
C) Painting your toenails but wearing socks and shoes so no one can see them
D) Painting your fingernails

Question 7

Rusty is a cautious child, which bothers his father, who wants Rusty to be more adventurous. One day, he pressures Rusty into climbing higher into a tree than Rusty is comfortable doing, and Rusty is unable to climb down. Rusty's father stands below the tree, yelling at his son that he is a "wimp" for being scared and telling him that "even a girl" could get down from that height. Rusty's father is trying to teach his son where the boy fits into the

A) hierarchy of masculinity
B) gender roles
C) #metoo movement
D) DSM-5

Question 8

Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?

A) Penises
B) Testicles
C) Pubic hair
D) Nipples

Question 9

Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic?

A) Pubic hair
B) Nipples
C) Breasts
D) Testicles

Question 10

What is one way that sex status shapes life in the U.S.?

A) It determines whether you can purchase a home in your own name.
B) It determines whether you can serve in Congress.
C) It determines whether you are eligible for the military draft.
D) It determines whether you can purchase contraceptives.

Question 11

When family, school, media, the workplace, and other major institutions in society teach us how we should behave based on our gender, we experience

A) gender cues
B) complicit masculinity or emphasized femininity
C) gender dysphoria
D) gender socialization

Question 12

What is one reason why women and men may have different social networking and leadership styles in the workforce?

A) Natural differences in brain structure
B) Differences in hormones
C) Differences in commitment to their employer
D) Differences in mentoring in the workplace and opportunities

Question 13

When a movie has more women working on it as writers, typically

A) it has fewer strong female characters
B) it includes more scenes of violence
C) it has a bigger marketing budget
D) more female characters are given speaking parts

Question 14

What is assigned at birth?

A) Gender
B) A boy's place in the hierarchy of masculinity
C) Sex
D) Sexuality

Question 15

The term "second shift" describes

A) the unpaid housework and child care women perform in addition to their paid work
B) women's preference for working in the home rather than in paid employment
C) men's increased contributions to household and childrearing work after their wives enter the workforce
D) women's decreased contributions to household and childrearing work after they enter the workforce

Question 16

Which of the following accurate statements does NOT support the claim that it is the percentage of an occupation that is female, not the job duties themselves, that shapes the pay in an occupational field?

A) In Finland, more than half of physicians are women, but in the U.S., less than 40% are.
B) Housekeepers in hotels, who are usually women, earn 22% less than janitors, who are usually men.
C) When women dominated the field of computer programming, wages were low, but when men entered the field, the wages rose.
D) When women entered the field of biology in large numbers, wages fell 18%.

Question 17

Horizontal occupational segregation is present when

A) as men enter an occupation, the status associated with it declines.
B) women and men are equally represented in an occupation
C) women are concentrated into jobs that are female-typed and lower-paying
D) within an occupational field, men hold higher, better-paid positions than women

Question 18

Vertical occupational segregation is present when

A) as men enter an occupation, the status associated with it declines
B) women and men are equally represented in an occupation
C) women are concentrated into jobs that are female-typed and lower-paying
D) within an occupational field, men hold higher, better-paid positions than women

Question 19

Which of the following statements about gender and the workforce is accurate?

A) When women enter an occupational field that has traditionally been dominated by men, they tend to rise faster in that profession than do men in that field.
B) When men enter an occupational field that has traditionally been dominated by women, they tend to rise faster in that profession than do women in that field.
C) Fields that are dominated by men are more welcoming to women than fields that are dominated by women are welcoming to men.
D) Fewer men than ever are seeking jobs in female-dominated fields.

Question 20

When they are doing the same job and performing identical work in that job,

A) men tend to earn less money than women
B) women tend to earn less money than men
C) women tend to be promoted faster
D) men and women earn the same wages

Question 21

Patriarchy is a social system in which

A) women and traits associated with women are seen as superior to men and qualities associated with men
B) men and women are equally valued and share power in a variety of domains, including politics, home life, and the world of work
C) men and traits associated with men are considered to be superior to women and traits associated with women
D) individuals are judged without concern for their gender

Question 22

All of the following are evidence of patriarchy in the US EXCEPT

A) Men are overrepresented among CEOs of the nation's largest businesses.
B) Men are overrepresented among the prison population.
C) Men are overrepresented in the U.S. Congress.
D) Men are overrepresented among the justices on the U.S. Supreme Court.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about gender and politics is accurate?

A) Women vote in proportion to their numbers in the general population and are represented in office in proportion to their numbers in the general population.
B) Men and women vote in equal numbers and are equally represented in office.
C) Women vote at a lower rate than men and are underrepresented in office.
D) Women vote at a significantly higher rate than men, but are underrepresented in public office.

Question 24

Compared to men, women

A) receive less formal education
B) receive more formal education
C) receive the same amount of education
D) are less interested in formal education

Question 25

Strategies that dominant groups use to maintain their power and to make their views seem like "common sense" comprise

A) hierarchies of masculinity
B) masculine power
C) hegemonic power
D) emphasized femininity

Question 26

Compulsory heterosexuality

A) makes social space for people who experience a range of sexual desires and affirms the dignity of all people, regardless of their sexuality
B) sees sexual desire as between males and females as the only acceptable form of sexual desire and enforces this through medical, legal, religious, and other social institutions
C) promotes abstinence before marriage and monogamy within it
D) advocates for sexual equality between partners of all genders

Question 27

In what decade was homosexuality removed from the DSM, so that it was no longer classified as a mental disorder?

A) 2000s
B) 1990s
C) 1980s
D) 1970s

Question 28

The experience of intense, consistent incongruence between a person's gender and the sex assigned to them at birth is termed by some psychologists as

A) hegemonic masculinity or emphasized femininity, depending on the person's gender
B) gender dysphoria
C) gender euphoria
D) intersex

Question 29

In which region of the world is there greater tolerance toward homosexuality?

A) Asia
B) Africa
C) Western Europe
D) The Middle East

Question 30

For LGBTQ+ people, the term "living in the closet" means

A) not publicly identifying as LGBTQ+
B) celebrating an LGBT identity publicly
C) internalizing anti-LGBT sentiment
D) fighting for LGBT+ political rights

Question 31

According to Steven Seidman in Beyond the Closet (2002), "the normal gay" is a

A) gay person who does not challenge the gender binary or sexual conventions, and so has an easier time being accepted by mainstream society
B) gay person who is concerned with rights for all queer people, not just his or her individual advancement
C) gay person who has internalized homophobia
D) closeted gay person

Question 32

According to Steven Seidman in Beyond the Closet (2002), what is the difference between "gay rights" and "gay liberation"?

A) Gay rights seek equality for gay people within a heteronormative society, but gay liberation seeks to transform the society itself.
B) The terms are interchangeable, so there is no difference.
C) Gay liberation is more politically conservative than the gay rights movement.
D) Gay rights are collective, but gay liberation is individualized.

Question 33

"Too queer" means to

A) challenge the binary notions of sexuality and gender and disrupt the idea that one's sex determines one's gender and one's sexuality
B) present oneself publicly as gay, lesbian, or bisexual
C) change one's name to reflect one's gender, not one's sex assigned at birth
D) appeal to larger shared values, such as privacy and individual conscience, in arguing for gay rights

Question 34

What concern were protestors at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village addressing at their 1969 protest?

A) Police harassment
B) Restrictions on the right of married people to purchase contraception
C) Restrictions on the right to engage in sex work
D) Sex trafficking of women and children

Question 35

What issue became the focus on much LGBTQ+ activism in the 1980s?

A) Sex trafficking and survival sex among queer people
B) HIV and AIDS
C) Marriage between same-sex partners
D) Health insurance coverage for trans people in transition

Question 36

When Clayton was born, the doctor pronounced him a girl and recorded the sex on his birth certificate as "female." Later, Clayton came to understand that he was a boy, and in adulthood, he took a new name-Clayton-to signal that to others. Clayton is likely to identify as

A) bisexual
B) asexual
C) transgender
D) gay

Question 37

At some point in U.S. history, each of the following were prohibited from being ordered through the mail EXCEPT

A) pornography
B) information about contraception
C) information about reproduction
D) brides

Question 38

On average, women earn ________ for every dollar a man earns.

A) 50-55 cents
B) 80-85 cents
C) 90-95 cents
D) $1.00-$1.05

Question 39

Which of the below statements about gender and poverty is accurate?

A) Women are more likely to be more poor than men.
B) Men are more likely to be more poor than women.
C) Men and women are equally likely to be poor.
D) Gender has no impact on poverty rates.

Question 40

The form of power that enshrines an ideal standard of masculinity and justifies all the ways our society is organized to reinforce the leading role of men, so that gender distinction prioritizes men and masculinity and devalues women and femininity, is called

A) hegemonic masculinity
B) complicity masculinity
C) gender order
D) gender cues

Question 41

All of the following true-life examples illustrate how masculinity is socially constructed EXCEPT

A) In some societies, men show affection through hugging and kissing, while in others, such behavior is seen as deviant for men.
B) In the late 19th century and early 20th century in America, baby boys and baby girls were both dressed in gowns, whereas today, dresses and gowns are typically reserved for infant girls.
C) When Lego began making plastic toys in the 1940s, they marketed the same toys to both boys and girls.
D) In the early 1900s, blue was associated with girls (because of its association with the Virgin Mary, who is often dressed in blue in art and because it was the color of the sky and girls were seen as "flighty") and pink was associated with boys (because it was a derivative of red, which was seen as a powerful color), but now we associate pink with girls and blue with boys.

Question 42

When there is a hierarchy of masculinity,

A) men and women are seen as equals in value and in abilities
B) men and women are seen as equal in value but with different abilities
C) men are seen as inferior to women
D) some men have more social power because they meet more of the criteria of hegemonic masculinity

Question 43

Jonah is a gay man who chooses not to share information about his sexuality with his work colleagues. His co-workers assume that he is straight, and he makes considerable efforts to foster this impression to benefit from the gender order in his workplace, where women and men viewed as not sufficiently masculine are often given fewer opportunities for advancement. Jonah is participating in

A) complicit masculinity
B) hegemonic masculinity
C) gender cues
D) emphasized femininity

Question 44

Corrine is married to a man who is abusive. He does not allow Corinne to work outside the home, travel on her own, or manage her own money. Any time she challenges her husband on any of these things, he physically and verbally attacks her, calling her too stupid, naïve, or lazy to have a job, travel, manage her money, or be independent in any other way. Corinne has learned that she is less likely to face his abuse if she behaves the way that he thinks a "good wife" should-by being submissive, prioritizing his desires over her own needs, having few opinions of her own, and presenting herself in a way that he finds attractive and pleasing. For her own short-term safety, Corinne is participating in

A) complicity masculinity
B) hegemonic masculinity
C) gender cues
D) emphasized femininity

Question 45

To say that our social lives are fully organized around gender is to say that our lives are influenced by

A) the hierarchy of masculinity
B) the gender order
C) compulsory heterosexuality
D) heteronormativity

Question 46

Suffragettes were women who fought for

A) the right to vote
B) the right to participate in legal prostitution
C) an end to sex trafficking
D) the right to abortion

Question 47

DOMA was legislation that sought to prevent

A) transgender people from using restrooms for people of their gender
B) the sending of information about sex through the mail
C) transgender people from being able to change sex information on their birth certificates and other state-issued documents
D) same-sex couples from marrying

Question 48

So-called "bathroom bills" are attempts to require

A) transgender people to use the restroom associated with the sex assigned to them at birth
B) all public places to include diaper changing stations in both men's and women's restrooms
C) a non-gendered single stall restroom in every place with gendered restrooms to accommodate people who do not wish to share bathroom spaces with others
D) children over the age of 5 to use the restroom associated with their sex, even if no parent is able to accompany them into that restroom

Question 49

All of the following statements about separate spheres of work for men and women are accurate EXCEPT

A) Because the ancestors of many African Americans were brought to America as slaves, black women were not given the opportunity to work only in the home.
B) Before wealthy, educated women entered the job market in force, poor women were working in large numbers out of necessity.
C) Upper-class women have always engaged in public life and even politics through elite cultural institutions, even when they were not legally able to vote.
D) Women are naturally better able to handle the tasks of housekeeping than are men.

Question 50

The social role based on the expectation that men should earn enough in wages to support a non-employed wife and their children is called the

A) male breadwinner
B) marginally masculine male
C) complicitly masculine male
D) hegemonically masculine male

Question 51

What is one way that the idea of a male breadwinner contributes to the abuse of women in marriages?

A) When men are seen as being the people who earn money in support of a family, women may be denied jobs, which makes them dependent on men, which makes it harder to leave a marriage that is abusive.
B) Income has no impact on abuse rates; domestic violence is equally distributed among people of all income levels.
C) Women who earn their own money are less likely to leave an abusive marriage than are women who are not employed.
D) Single women often pursue marriage in order to be able to quit their jobs.

Question 52

Today, women still face the stereotype that they are not dedicated employees. What is one root of this gender stereotype?

A) Women are more likely to quit a job if they do not feel it is personally satisfying.
B) Because women's wages are lower than men, even for the same work, they are often looking for better financial opportunities.
C) In the past, women were often required to quit their job if they married or became pregnant, which contributed to high turnover among women and gave the impression that women were unreliable.
D) Women enjoy the work of caring for aging relatives, even their in-laws, more than men and so are more likely to quit paid employment to do that work.

Question 53

In the U.S., women began entering the workforce in large numbers in what decade?

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 54

A pink collar job typically

A) requires significant formal training
B) pays well
C) has no or only a very short internal career path
D) includes generous family leave benefits, such as maternity leave

Question 55

Which social movement has drawn attention to the widespread problem of workplace sexual harassment?

A) #DressLikeAWoman
B) #BLM
C) #metoo
D) #churchtoo

Question 56

In what decade did the Supreme Court recognize the right to a legal abortion?

A) 1950s
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 57

Very few things are true about all human cultures, but one thing that is true across every society that we have studied is that every culture

A) has some moral expectations around sexuality
B) shares a common understanding of which behaviors are sexual and which are not
C) prohibits prostitution
D) views emotional connection as important in a sexual relationship

Question 58

When parents or other community members select partners for their unmarried children, what results is

A) an arranged marriage
B) a mail order marriage
C) sex tourism
D) prostitution

Question 59

Sodomy laws prohibited

A) same-sex sexual contact, especially between men
B) the marriage of same-sex couples
C) the sending of information about abortion through the mail
D) the operating of bars and nightclubs for LGBTQ+ customers

Question 60

In her research on the toys in McDonald's Happy Meals, Antonia Ayres-Brown discovered that most of the time, McDonald's employees offered a toy based on what they assumed a child's gender was or asked a child if they wanted a "boy toy" or a "girl toy." Both of these processes for selecting toys assumes that

A) boys and girls enjoy the same toys
B) some toys are better suited for boys and others are better suited for girls
C) children do not want toys that are not marketed to children based on their gender
D) children struggle to decide on a toy unless it is labeled by gender