Deck 5: Socialization, Social Interaction, and Group Life

Question 1

When people are taught, whether through implicit instruction or modeling, how to act, think, and even feel according to the rules of their culture, they are experiencing

A) socialization
B) generalization
C) normalization
D) bureaucratization

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When sociologists say that "biology is not destiny," what do they mean?

A) Biological factors established before birth, such as our genes, are influential over our social lives, but biological factors that appear after we are born, such as injuries and illnesses, are not.
B) While biology is one factor that shapes our bodies and our health, social factors also impact these.
C) We expect that, in the future, researchers will be able to locate the exact genes responsible for different social outcomes.
D) Biology and social forces are equally influential over social outcomes in our lives.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements are accurate about adults who are socially isolated?

A) They die younger after having worse mental and physical health.
B) They have worse mental and physical health, but they do not die younger than better-connected adults.
C) They report higher levels of happiness, citing social isolation as a source of relief, not stress, for themselves.
D) They experience worse physical health and die younger than their peers, but they do not have worse mental health.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The theory of the looking glass self says that

A) people are vain and so look to others who physically look like themselves as role models
B) we develop a social self based on how we think other people perceive us
C) people cannot "see" themselves clearly unless someone forces them do so by pointing out their weaknesses
D) the process of socialization is so delicate that people rarely forget even the most minor corrections or insults

Question 5

What happens, according to George Herbert Mead, during the play stage of child development?

A) Children invent games with complicated rules in order to establish authority among their peers.
B) Children watch adult behavior such as swearing and flirting, during their childhood.
C) Children pretend to be other people, like a parent or a doctor or a teacher, which helps them understand the world from others' perspectives.
D) Children change the rules of games as they play in order to advantage themselves and practice manipulation.

Question 6

What happens, according to George Herbert Mead, during the game stage of child development?

A) Children invent games to impress each other with their creativity.
B) Children become very upset when others cheat because they value fairness, but they invent exceptions to the rules when doing so benefits them.
C) Children seek their parents' attention by arguing with their friends and siblings over the rules of games.
D) Children learn problem-solving skills, including how to get along with peers when they disagree about the rules of play.

Question 7

For Mead, who comprises the "generalized other"?

A) People in society in general, but not specific individuals
B) People who are close friends
C) People in our primary groups
D) People in our reference groups

Question 8

According to Freud, the id is

A) the site of a battle between impulsive and planned behavior
B) our moral navigation system
C) the unconscious part of the mind, which seeks immediate pleasure and gratification
D) where we store memories of embarrassing moments so that we don't repeat them

Question 9

According to Freud, the super-ego is

A) our memory for perceived injuries and slights; it is where we hold our grudges
B) where we store our affection for our parents and our fear of their disappointment in us
C) our unconscious desires to hurt those we see as competitors, even if we also think we love them
D) the part of the mind that serves as our conscience, telling us what is moral

Question 10

According to Freud, the ego is

A) the source of self-confidence
B) the source of self-doubt
C) the part of the mind that balances the demands of the id to seek pleasure and the demand of the super-ego to feel guilt. It helps us determine the practical choice in any given situation.
D) the part of the mind that both seeks pleasure and feels shame in that pleasure-seeking

Question 11

When sociologists say that socialization is a force of social control, what do they mean?

A) Socialization is an explicit process, one that often uses violence and the threat of physical force to ensure compliance.
B) Most people regret their participation in the socialization process of others after the fact, but when they are participating in socializing another person, they are unaware of what they are doing.
C) When we comply with agents of socialization, our individual consciences feel at peace because we are consistently acting in ways that we think are right.
D) Through socialization, we internalize the rules of our culture so that violence or physical threats are not required to make us comply. We learn the rules so well that we don't even think of ourselves as complying with them-instead, we are just acting "normally."

Question 12

The process by which social standards of normal behavior are used to judge people and to reform those who are determined not to be normal is called

A) socialization
B) bureaucratization
C) generalization
D) normalization

Question 13

Which of the following items is part of the hidden curriculum for children in the early years of school?

A) how to ask a question without disrupting class
B) how to identify shapes
C) how to skip a rope in Physical Education
D) how to write their names

Question 14

As we move through childhood, ______________ tend to become a more powerful socializing force, while the influence of ____________ may diminish.

A) families, peer groups
B) media, schools
C) peer groups, families
D) schools, families

Question 15

James' parents have forbidden him from driving a snowmobile, saying that he has not shown the maturity necessary to drive one. One day he attends an ice-fishing trip with some friends, all of whom are permitted to drive snowmobiles. When James tells his friends that he is not permitted by his parents to drive a snowmobile, they tease him for being controlled by his parents and unwilling to act independently. Still, James refuses to break his parents' rules. James has just successfully navigated

A) peer pressure
B) adult socialization
C) the hidden curriculum
D) resocialization

Question 16

Which of the following events is likely to support the formation of a generation?

A) Assassination of a president
B) Death of a dear grandparent
C) Lingering illness
D) The addition of a new wing to your high school

Question 17

The likelihood of the following increases after job loss EXCEPT

A) Loss of friendships .
B) Health problems
C) Personal satisfaction
D) Divorce

Question 18

Which of the following statements about socialization during old age is not true?

A) Most people are financially well prepared for old age and find that they can live a lifestyle familiar to them long after retirement.
B) Many older workers retire before they are emotionally or financially ready to.
C) Forging a new identity apart from employment can be difficult for many people.
D) Peer groups get smaller as friends and loved ones die.

Question 19

What is the thesis of Annette Lareau's book Unequal Childhoods?

A) Wealthy parents pay other people to do the work of rearing their children. In contrast, poor parents spend more time caring for their children on their own.
B) Wealthy parents are more likely to teach their children to be assertive with adults and to engage the adult world, while poorer parents are more likely to maintain a division between children and adult worlds.
C) Knowing that their children lack the same opportunities as wealthy children, poor parents work hard starting from the birth of their children to make them competitive for college admissions.
D) Parenting style has more of an impact on wealth than wealth does on parenting style.

Question 20

What is one of the main findings of the Up series?

A) Biology is a stronger predictor of social outcomes than are social factors.
B) By age 7, children have already been socialized into their economic class.
C) British society, like American society, is highly fluid, so people are able to move across class lines fairly easily.
D) Ending childhood poverty is possible if a society commits to it.

Question 21

If you want to change your achieved status, you need to change ____________; if you want to change your ascribed status, you need to change _____________.

A) your mindset, your actions
B) your attitude, your treatment of others
C) your actions, how people see you
D) your values, your behaviors

Question 22

What is one reason we accept the presentation of self that others perform?

A) Efforts to correct them are rarely successful.
B) We don't want to cause them embarrassment.
C) We are not invested enough in others to make the effort to correct them.
D) We mistrust our own insights into their behaviors because we have been taught to trust the words of powerful people.

Question 23

In 2019, children internees in detention camps for immigrants to the U.S. were denied basic healthcare supplies such as toothbrushes or lice treatment. In response to criticism that this is a human rights violation, federal government guards in the camps said that they were simply following orders when they did not provide children with these goods. This is a case of

A) hidden curriculum
B) bureaucracy
C) peer pressure
D) moral indifference

Question 24

Socialization contributes to the social construction of reality because it

A) encourages us to listen to our gut when we see a misalignment between someone's behaviors and the values they claim to have
B) teaches people in a society what is "natural" and makes it harder for them to consider alternatives to the way things are in a society
C) rewards people who challenge unfair power dynamics
D) discourages consumer consumption

Question 25

Which of the following is an achieved status?

A) Person with juvenile diabetes (also called Type I diabetes)
B) b. Tall person
C) Swimmer
D) Natural blonde

Question 26

Which of the following is an ascribed status?

A) Honor roll student
B) Latina
C) Member of a sorority
D) Tutor

Question 27

In any given situation, we have to figure out which of the many _____________ we hold is most relevant, which in turn helps us decide which roles to enact.

A) social networks
B) looking-glass selves
C) organizational cultures
D) statuses

Question 28

Role strain occurs when

A) multiple roles that we hold make conflict demands on us
B) one role makes conflicting demands on us
C) the role we are given is defined by someone else, with little or no input from us
D) our personal goals have changed but our role has not and we are frustrated by the misalignment of goals and roles

Question 29

Role conflict occurs when

A) multiple roles that we hold make conflict demands on us
B) one role makes conflicting demands on us
C) the role we are given is defined by someone else, with little or no input from us
D) our personal goals have changed but our role has not and we are frustrated by the misalignment of goals and roles

Question 30

Bailey is a single mother who wants to provide her children with nutritious lunches while they are at school, but she also finds that the time she required by planning and packing lunches takes away from the time she would like to spend reading books with her children at bedtime. What is Bailey experiencing?

A) Role strain
B) Role conflict
C) Normalization
D) Peer pressure

Question 31

John is both the captain of the lacrosse team and the president of the honor society at his high school. Wednesday night is the induction ceremony for new members of the honor society and also lacrosse practice. John is torn about which event he should attend. What is John experiencing?

A) Role conflict
B) Role strain
C) Peer pressure
D) Normalization

Question 32

Attending classes, reading textbooks, taking notes, participating in group study sessions, completing assignments, and taking tests are all part of the ____________ of college student.

A) role
B) status
C) bureaucracy
D) normalization

Question 33

Which theory was the major contribution that Erving Goffman made to sociology?

A) Dramaturgical theory
B) Looking-glass self theory
C) Discourse theory
D) Theory of the generalized other

Question 34

What is the objective of SlutWalks?

A) To make high-end fashion more accessible to the public
B) To celebrate women's bodies in a non-judgmental way
C) To publicly challenge the notion that women's clothing is responsible for sexual violence against women
D) To demand the testing of untested rape kits

Question 35

Which of the following statements about media technologies is accurate?

A) As people have more options of kinds of technologies to use, they spread their use out across more devices but have not increased the total hours spend using media technologies.
B) Our media consumption has increased dramatically over recent decades.
C) People behave similarly in anonymous and non-anonymous online settings.
D) People with greater access to media report no more use of it than people with more limited access.

Question 36

Sociologist Sherry Turkle reported in her book Life on Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (1996) that

A) we treat our online relationships as insincere
B) the more time we spend online, the more depressed we are, in general
C) the roles we play online can be therapeutic because they help us see the variety of ways we can be in the world
D) the internet causes more fights than friendships

Question 37

One risk of spending our online time with people who affirm what we already believe is that we

A) are less likely to see the small but important differences in opinion that we have with our online friends
B) come to hold more extreme versions of the opinions that we already hold
C) forget to demand evidence of the claims that they make because we agree with claims themselves
D) ignore our real-life friendships in favor of our online ones

Question 38

What kind of group is most likely to foster a feeling of belonging?

A) Secondary group
B) Bureaucracy
C) Organizational culture
D) Primary group

Question 39

Which of the following is an example of a primary group?

A) A group of friends who met at summer camp in high school and have taken a camping trip together each year since then
B) Participants in a large online gaming community
C) All living alumni from your university
D) Members of a national organization promoting the interests of a profession, such as the American Medical Association or the National Council of Teachers of English

Question 40

What kind of group is typically organized around a common activity or interest?

A) Secondary group
B) Primary group
C) Organizational culture
D) Bureaucracy

Question 41

Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?

A) Spectators at a children's swim meet
B) The parent-coaches of a Little League baseball team
C) The teenager players on a high school golf team
D) Two sociologists working together on research on the impact of parental pressure on student athletes

Question 42

Why do secondary groups often distinguish between members and leaders?

A) Because they want to reward people for becoming new members.
B) Because they worry that they may attract people who actually are seeking to undermine the group's goals, so they are hesitant to embrace new members.
C) Because strict hierarchies are known to generate more creative contributions from people in a group.
D) Because members are can easily leave, forcing leaders to do much of the organizational work.

Question 43

Any group that helps us figure out where we fit in society is called

A) an organizational culture
B) a peer pressure group
C) a dyad
D) a reference group

Question 44

Which of the examples below is an example of a negative reference group?

A) Your parents play bridge as part of a bridge club. They read books about strategy in bridge in order to improve their understanding of the game and become more competitive players.
B) Each fall, your neighborhood hosts a chili cook-off, with a person being crowned "Chili King" or "Chili Queen" and being given a small trophy and the right to brag about their performance.
C) You are a new public high school teacher, and you join a group of other early-career teachers every Thursday night for drinks at a local bar to commiserate about the challenges of your work.
D) Your parents point to a group of juvenile delinquents who are frequently in trouble with the law as examples of how they do not want you to behave.

Question 45

How do advertisers exploit reference groups?

A) They offer group deals, so if you purchase the same item as a friend, you both get a discount.
B) They show images of people whom we hope to be like purchasing and using goods the advertisers are trying to sell.
C) They offer a discount on purchasing items in bulk, such as a "buy-one-get-one-free" deal.
D) They offer a trial subscription for free and then charge after the consumer has likely forgotten that they subscribed.

Question 46

A star of a reality TV show about people living with addictions likes to wear clothing from a particular brand; this includes T-shirts with the logo of the brand prominently displayed. This brand sues the TV show over the use of their logo on the show. Why do they want to stop a reality TV actor from displaying their logo?

A) They do not want people with addictions to serve as a reference group for people considering their brand.
B) They do not want the TV show to make a claim later that they should have paid for product placement (when a company places their product in a television show, movie, video game, etc.).
C) Out of respect for viewers, they do not want to expose people to their product if those people are not seeking it out.
D) They fear that excessive exposure may increase the popularity of the product beyond what they are able to supply to retailers; they don't want to create a demand that they cannot meet.

Question 47

An in-group is a group

A) you feel intimidated by
B) whose culture is difficult to learn
C) you look down on
D) you are connected to in a positive way and to which you feel bonded

Question 48

An out-group is a group

A) you feel intimidated by
B) whose culture is difficult to learn
C) you look down on
D) you are connected to in a positive way and to which you feel bonded

Question 49

In July 2019, President Donald Trump attacked four women of color who are also Members of Congress by saying that they should "go back to where they came from"-though all of them are citizens and three of them were born in the U.S. In his tweet associating the Representatives with immigrants, President Trump was arguing that these women are part of

A) an in-group
B) a secondary group
C) a primary group
D) an out-group

Question 50

As groups increase in size, they become more

A) complex
B) unstable
C) important to their members
D) scrutinized

Question 51

According to Georg Simmel, which group is the most unstable?

A) Dyads
B) Triads
C) Groups of 5-10 people
D) Large groups of 100 or more

Question 52

You are a first-year undergraduate student who wants to pursue a career in sports medicine after attending medical school. To achieve your goal, you would be wise to choose which of the following groups as a reference group?

A) Student athletes at your university
B) The biology professor who most challenged you
C) The juniors and senior pre-med students at your university with the highest GPAs
D) The advisors who work with students who want to become sports medicine doctors

Question 53

What is a down-market reference group?

A) A less prestigious group of consumers who degrade the value of a luxury brand by consuming it
B) Consumers who negatively review products in social media settings
C) Employees at bars, clubs, and other social settings who disguise themselves as regular customers but who are paid actors whose job is to create an atmosphere of sexual excitement
D) Forms of artificial intelligence ("bots") that promote products on social media, appearing as if they are real people when they are not

Question 54

You are creating an online dating profile. In order to look your best, you hire a stylist to help you choose your clothes and hairstyle, a makeup artist to prepare your cosmetics, and a professional photographer to take 100 photos of you. You read a lot of online advice columns about how to write your profile, and you hire an editor to review it for you and offer you . What would sociologist Sherry Turkle, author of Life on Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet, likely say about your efforts?

A) They are deceptive and thus unfair to other people who may be respond to your ad.
B) They are likely to be ineffective, since those viewing your profile will likely unconsciously adjust their expectations of you downward anyway, because they understand that everyone appears more attractive online than in person.
C) They are a form of online identity performance that involves genuine ways of engaging in the social world.
D) They reinforce hierarchies of attractiveness that are associated with wealth, since only wealthy people can afford to go to such efforts.

Question 55

Which group is typically the most emotionally difficult to leave?

A) Large groups
B) Bureaucracies
C) Primary groups
D) Secondary groups

Question 56

Which of the following statements about social interaction in the media age is accurate?

A) People with more online relationships are likely to have fewer face-to-face relationships.
B) Most people understand their online personas to be false.
C) As older people join a social media platform, their presence attracts more younger people as well.
D) Younger people today consume, on average, more media than their parents did at the same age.

Question 57

A person who is transgender

A) Identifies with a gender that is different from the one assigned to them at birth
B) Identifies with no gender
C) Changes their gender identity according to their social situation
D) Has undergone a gender confirmation surgery that changes their body to align better with cultural expectations about their gender

Question 58

In relationship to gender, the term "transition" refers to the process of

A) No longer publicly living as a person of one gender and instead living publicly as a person of another gender
B) Using hormones to make a transperson's body better align with cultural expectations about their body-such as making a transman's voice lower.
C) Legally changing one's gender on birth certificates, driver's licenses, and other official documents
D) Surgically changing one's body to align better with cultural expectations of one's gender

Question 59

How can Caitlyn Jenner be both part of an oppressed minority and a person with privilege?

A) She is both a transwoman-a member of a group of people who are far more likely than average to be victims of violence-and a person of incredible wealth.
B) She is both a person who has been divorced and a person who is famous.
C) She is popular among some people and reviled among others.
D) As is typical in American society, she was socialized according to the sex assigned her at birth (in this case, male), but she also exercised agency by living life as a woman.

Question 60

What is one feminist criticism of Caitlyn Jenner's transition?

A) She did not choose to change her last name, which is a recognizable link to her deadname (her name prior to her transition).
B) She has chosen to pursue a very traditional version of femininity, including popular ideas of beauty.
C) She did not reject the Arthur Ashe Courage Award, even though Ashe was a man.
D) She did not work to remove images of herself pre-transition from the social media world.