Deck 14: Economy, Education, Work, and Recreation

Question 1

Internships for college students emerged from the

A) business schools
B) schools of music and dance
C) pre-law programs
D) pre-med programs

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Because it pushes most students into tracks that led to either a vocation or higher education starting at age 10, the German educational system has been criticized for

A) reproducing inequality by pushing students into tracks before their talents and abilities are clear
B) contributing to child labor violation
C) high costs of higher education
D) flooding the labor market with young, cheap labor that drives down the wages of older workers

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The ability to read, write, and communicate is called

A) literacy
B) numeracy
C) citizenship
D) information management

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Students may take specific classes focused on history and laws, but they also learn about the rules of society, national history, and the major institutions of society as part of their

A) Literacy
B) Citizenship education
C) Job training
D) Numeracy

Question 5

In the U.S., some states now require public school districts to monitor and report on the success of their high school graduates in the job market for years after graduation. The hope is that this will pressure high schools to give more attention to

A) citizenship education
B) literacy
C) job training
D) economic inequality

Question 6

When participation in schooling is mandatory for people in a certain age range, we say that it is

A) institutionalized
B) individualized
C) standardized
D) universal

Question 7

Worldwide, since the implementation of mandatory schooling in more nations,

A) literacy has rapidly increased
B) literacy initially increased but has since declined
C) literacy initially increased slowly but soon plateaued, indicating that we have successfully reached literacy for everyone for whom it is possible
D) literacy actually declined as schools were worse at teaching it than were families, who did this work formerly

Question 8

What did Émile Durkheim mean by a "moral education"?

A) The full taxpayer support of public schools, including wages that compensate teachers for their effort, training, and expertise
B) The inclusion of religious instruction in school so that students had a standardized base in understanding at least one source of moral reasoning
C) The role of the school in encouraging discipline, embedding students in social groups, and reinforcing self-determination and autonomy
D) The teaching of critical thinking so that students could evaluate the moral claims of others and develop a moral conscience that reflects their own values

Question 9

What is the hidden curriculum?

A) Topics that teachers refuse to teach for personal reasons, even if they are part of the topics that the school board demands they teach
B) The high turnover among teachers
C) The many things teachers need to know for success in the classroom that are not taught to them in teacher training programs
D) Socialization among students that reinforces privilege and inequality

Question 10

Students face an inherent tension around their behavior in school because

A) a high school diploma is necessary for many jobs, but it can just as easily be purchased through bribery as earned through studying
B) they often cannot afford to pay for public school, but they must attend it to avoid violating the law
C) impressing their peers often involves behavior that hurts them academically
D) teachers often secretly enjoy seeing them fail, but they must succeed in order to graduate

Question 11

When Donna started her work as a telephone operator in 1960, she did not have a high school diploma. Now, her granddaughter hopes to apply for the same job, but the ad for the job says that a "four-year college degree" is a preferred job qualification. Though the work of the job is slightly different than it was in 1960, what a student studies in college is fairly irrelevant to what the job duties actually are. This is an example of

A) post-industrialism
B) hidden curriculum
C) job training in education
D) credential inflation

Question 12

Credentialism enables employers to hire people more efficiently because it

A) allows employers to hire the person they like best, then train them for the job in the way that the employer prefers
B) ensures a pool of highly qualified candidates
C) encourages unqualified people to apply to jobs
D) reduces the number of job applications they have to seriously consider

Question 13

How does credentialism reproduce inequality?

A) It discourages women to start college in order to meet and marry men who are college students without completing their own degrees.
B) It encourages people to earn only the college credits seen as valuable by employers seeking a specific skill set rather than devoting themselves to the study of topics that might not be as clearly related to a job.
C) It keeps wages low in employment sectors dominated by women, such as teaching, and high in those dominated men, such as computer technology.
D) As less wealthy people finally achieve a college education, those who are more wealthy are earning graduate degrees, which are now required by jobs that previously required lower levels of education.

Question 14

When wealthy students are able to signal that they are interested in learning and understand the unspoken rules of school success to their teachers because of their wealth, they are demonstrating

A) credentialism
B) citizenship education
C) cultural capital
D) hidden curriculum

Question 15

According to many educators, learning a broad range of information and skills is more useful to students because

A) the jobs of the future do not yet exist, and the skills we are teaching today to children for the jobs that are available today will be useless by the time children enter the workforce
B) there will be no jobs in the future, so children should be taught how to learn for the sake of learning, not for the sake of future employment
C) most students are uninterested in narrow skills such as those associated with science, technology, and engineering, and promoting these areas of learning past the point of student interest only makes students resentful
D) while jobs requiring narrow skills sets are plentiful, they pay relatively little

Question 16

Max Weber noted in his research that college degrees had become a requirement for employment as a manager in a bureaucracy-even to the exclusion of people without a college degree being excluded from these jobs, even if they could perform the duties well. Weber was observing

A) credential inflation
B) socialism
C) hidden curriculum
D) cultural capital

Question 17

Higher levels of cultural capital are associated with

A) parental disinterest in student success
B) student resiliency in the face of academic challenges
C) success in school
D) failure in school

Question 18

At the start of the Great Recession in 2008, many students in graduate programs who were near the completion of their degree decided to slow their progress to graduation in order to avoid entering a job market that had few jobs available. This trend supports which theory of education?

A) Warehousing
B) Credentialing
C) Hidden curriculum
D) Cultural capital

Question 19

On average, about what percentage of a working mother's income is spent on childcare if she has children who are too young for public school?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 20

Which statement about school demographics is accurate?

A) Only about 20% of the children in the world go to school
B) Fewer children today than in the past go to school.
C) Only about 50% of children go to school globally.
D) More than 90% of the children of the world now go to school.

Question 21

Over time, globally,

A) governments have added new restrictions on the students schools serve-for example, by declaring more students as "unfit" for education
B) many nations that once offered public funding for education have ended it
C) more of the cost of schooling children has fallen to the government
D) governments have reduced their support of public education and instead shifted the costs to families

Question 22

The first schools were

A) private, funded by wealthy donors
B) private, charging tuition from parents
C) public, but only serving students from property-owning (and thus tax-paying) families
D) public, serving students from all economic backgrounds

Question 23

About what percentage of America's schoolchildren today attend a public school?

A) 60%
B) 70%
C) 80%
D) 90%

Question 24

Since the 1970s, homeschooling has

A) decreased in popularity
B) increased in popularity
C) stayed steady in popularity
D) increased through the 1990s, then dramatically decreased

Question 25

Most of the work of homeschooling falls to

A) nannies and private tutors
B) immigrants that families hire to teach their children
C) mothers
D) fathers

Question 26

What was the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?

A) Students had a right to an adequate education, not a good one.
B) Dividing students by race in public schools inherently treated them as if they were not equal.
C) Public schools could not mandate that students participate in prayer.
D) If a state funded a public school for white children only, it had to fund a comparable school for black children only.

Question 27

The first modern research university in the U.S. was

A) Cornell University in New York
B) Harvard University in Boston
C) University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia
D) Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore

Question 28

Currently, college students enrolled in fully online degree programs

A) graduate at the same rates as students in traditional programs
B) graduate at lower rates than students in traditional programs
C) graduate at rates higher than students in traditional programs
D) have unknown graduation rates because these programs are too new to research.

Question 29

One perhaps unintentional consequence of the linking funding for schools to the performance of students on standardized tests is that

A) test anxiety is lowered among students
B) teacher job satisfaction has increased.
C) school subjects that are not subject to standardized testing receive less attention from teachers
D) students are absent more

Question 30

Introduced by President George W. Bush in 2001, _____________ is the name of federal legislation that requires yearly standardized testing of public school students in a variety of disciplines.

A) No Child Left Behind
B) Race to the Top
C) the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
D) the Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act

Question 31

The use of standardized tests in U.S. public education can be traced to

A) the 1620s
B) the 1730s
C) the 1840s
D) the 1990s

Question 32

The use of student evaluations of courses in college is flawed in each of the following ways EXCEPT that they

A) reliably measure whether a student was engaged in the course
B) consistently show bias against women
C) consistently show bias against people of color
D) do not measure student learning

Question 33

PISA measures

A) reading, math, and science knowledge from students in more than 70 countries for comparison
B) reading, math, and science knowledge from students in all 50 U.S. states for comparison
C) funding per pupil that more than 70 different nations spend on public education
D) funding per pupil that each U.S. state spends on public education

Question 34

Which state consistently performs very well on measures of K-12 student performance?

A) Louisiana
B) North Carolina
C) Massachusetts
D) New Mexico

Question 35

The importance that children place on being popular

A) is highest in 7th grade, then rapidly declines.
B) increases throughout elementary school, peaking in early high school.
C) rises year after year until graduation.
D) is relatively stable until the second-to-final year of high school (11th grade), when it increases significantly.

Question 36

In most schools, the prestige hierarchy among students

A) is discouraged by parents, who encourage their children to be friends with a variety of people
B) flattens the patterns of prestige in the broader society
C) follows the patterns of prestige in the broader society
D) inverts the patterns of prestige in the broader society

Question 37

About one out of ____ students in U.S. schools reports daily instances of bullying.

A) 2
B) 10
C) 20
D) 100

Question 38

Who, from the list below, is most likely to get married?

A) People who do not complete a high school degree
B) People who end their education with a high school degree
C) People who attend college
D) People who are high-status students and attend college

Question 39

In Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs (2015), the sociologist Lauren Rivera argues that

A) hiring process at these top-tier firms are designed in a way that favors elite students from elite universities
B) elite firms value a diverse workforce, so they deliberately recruit employees who are unlike each other
C) elite firms with more diverse workforces are more likely to improve their ranking in their respective field (such as corporate law or investment banking)
D) d. students from elite schools often have lower GPAs than students from non-elite schools, but this is because their coursework is more difficult

Question 40

In the world of elite jobs, "polish" is vaguely defined but tracks with a job candidate's

A) parents' socioeconomic status
B) college GPA
C) college minor
D) personal hobbies

Question 41

Among people who hold management positions, white men are

A) underrepresented in upper management but overrepresented in lower and middle management
B) underrepresented at all levels of management: upper, middle, and lower
C) overrepresented at about the same rates as they were in the 1960s
D) overrepresented, but not as significantly as they were in the 1960s

Question 42

"At-will" employment laws

A) guarantee a severance package if an employee is laid off
B) outline a clear pathway for promotion for employees
C) guarantee workers that they cannot be fired unless they fail to meet the expectations outlined in their job contracts
D) allow employers to fire employees without cause

Question 43

People who consistently report high levels of happiness and satisfaction with life tend to

A) live in autocratic rather than democratic nations
B) have consistently easy lives, with few periods of struggle
C) have well-paying jobs
D) have close relationships with friends, family, and members of the community

Question 44

All of the following are examples of the "experience economy" EXCEPT

A) visiting places that are important to your religious faith in order to deepen your own spirituality
B) visiting places that connect to your ethnic heritage so that you can feel deeper connections to your ancestors
C) eco-tourism, which allows people to see plants, animals, and other environmental wonders up close
D) going to Disney World as an adult because you feel slighted that you were never taken there as a child

Question 45

According to sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, when did the modern economy emerge?

A) between 750 and 940 in China
B) between 1450 and 1640 in Europe
C) between 4500 and 2400 BCE in the Middle East (Fertile Crescent)
D) d. between 1750 and 1840 in America

Question 46

Because workers in a feudal system did not have the right to leave the land (and, even if they could have, they were surrounded by other feudal lands owned by other feudal lords), they

A) had little incentive to work hard, innovate, or try to change their circumstances, which meant that society as a whole did not progress much during this time
B) had ample time to experiment with new agricultural techniques, which dramatically increased the crop yield of their masters' lands
C) were able to devote themselves to self-education, so literacy spread quickly
D) were able to take time to observe and explore their natural world, leading the many important scientific discoveries about local ecosystems

Question 47

In capitalism,

A) the environmental impact of creating products and delivering services is paid by the company before a product or service is ever created or sold in the first place
B) workers own the means of production because they are paid in part through company stocks
C) workers are equally invested in the success of business as the owners are, because all profits are shared in proportion to the risk and work individuals contributed
D) the production of goods and services are controlled by private companies and individuals, who use them to maximize profit

Question 48

Why did capitalism begin to replace feudalism?

A) More crops were being produced than could be consumed locally, turning farming from a subsistence activity that one did to survive into a for-profit business.
B) Tenants who worked feudal land grew to understand themselves as having the same right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness as landowners.
C) The legal category of "private property" was abolished by law.
D) Massive famines required greater cooperation among landowners and peasant workers if any of them hoped to survive.

Question 49

How did the rise of an urban business class in the early days of capitalism contribute to violence?

A) Merchants developed new kinds of military weapons and then worked to generate international conflicts so that their governments would purchase their goods.
B) Merchants advocated for high taxes on their own industries, calculating that the cost of taxes would be worth an increased military that could be used to defend trade routes.
C) Merchants used their newfound wealth to bet on the outcome of wars, which intensified already-existing conflicts.
D) Merchants seeking new markets encouraged their governments to take territories overseas.

Question 50

Which of these factors did NOT contribute to economic acceleration during the Industrial Revolution?

A) A better educated workforce that was able to do the highly technical jobs required of industrialization
B) The discovery and industrial application of new forms of energy
C) The growth of urban centers, which provided a concentrated pool of workers
D) The invention of new machines

Question 51

Most work during the Industrial Revolution required

A) manual strength and tolerance for boredom
B) independent thinking and creativity
C) technical knowledge and scientific skill
D) critical thinking and problem-solving skills

Question 52

Mass production

A) increased wages for workers and decreased the wealth of factory owners
B) increased wages for workers as well as wealth for factory owners
C) lowered wages for workers but increased wealth for those who owned factories
D) lowered wages for workers while also decreasing wealth for those who owned factories

Question 53

Industrialization changed how people work by demanding

A) fewer skills of them
B) more skills of them
C) that they become literate
D) that they become better leaders in the workforce

Question 54

All of the following are ways that employers increase profits EXCEPT

A) supporting credentialing, which brings in highly qualified workers for wages that only award qualification, not being highly qualified
B) replacing workers with new technologies that, even if they are expensive to develop or purchase, cost less over the long term
C) moving factories to areas of the world with strong traditions of laborers' rights
D) threatening to replace workers with other workers who would be willing to work for low wages should those already hired demand higher incomes

Question 55

The work of which sociologist inspired movements against capitalism around the world?

A) Emile Durkheim
B) Immanuel Wallerstein
C) Karl Marx
D) Max Weber

Question 56

In what kind of economy are goods produced according to social need and economic production controlled and owned collectively by the workers themselves?

A) Feudalism
B) Capitalism
C) Post-industrialization
D) Socialism

Question 57

Today, more than 80% of Americans are employed in

A) professional, technical, and service occupations
B) agricultural and natural resource management and extraction
C) government-funded jobs
D) education, recreation, and tourism

Question 58

Precarious employment is characterized by

A) high levels of job satisfaction as workers see the jobs as part of their personal growth
B) low wages, the elimination of benefits such as health insurance or retirement funds, and virtually no long-term security
C) warm relationships between co-workers, who come to see each other as family
D) rapid changes in technology that allow workers to exercise their minds and develop new skill sets within the context of work rather than requiring them to return to school for more formal (and costly) education

Question 59

Steve Jobs, the now deceased former leader of Apple, credited what for inspiring some of his design choices in the Mac computer?

A) Taking a course in calligraphy
B) Earning a college degree in engineering
C) Reading magazines in his spare time
D) Being an amateur astronomer

Question 60

In 1959, C. P. Snow, who was both a novelist and a physicist, delivered a famous speech at Cambridge University. Titled "The Two Cultures," it argued that

A) both the natural sciences and the humanities are ineffective ways of viewing the world; instead, a social scientific approach is best
B) artificial divisions between the sciences and humanities was preventing people from solving some of the world's most important problems
C) while investments in science would produce more immediate benefits to humanity, investments in humanities would produce more important ones
D) funding for the sciences should be public, and the benefits of science should be public as well, whereas the funding of the humanities should be private and the benefits should go to private investors and supporters, such as people who purchase novels