Deck 13: Environmental Sociology: Population, Urbanization, and Climate Change

Question 1

Which of the following look at both ecology and human communities and how they interact with each other?

A) anthropologists
B) public sociologists
C) environmental sociologists
D) biosociologists

Answer 1

C

Question 2

______ is the number of years a person in a particular society is expected to live.

A) Demography
B) Life expectancy
C) Fertility
D) Mortality

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The large population we see today resulted from three phases of population growth. When did the biggest increase in population come?

A) the bronze age
B) the agricultural revolution
C) the industrial revolution
D) the information revolution

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What does the dependency ratio represent?

A) the growth rate of the population under 15
B) the economic productivity of the working-age population
C) the economic burden of people in the population who must be supported by the working-age population
D) the size of the population under 15 and over 64 who must be supported by the working-age population

Question 5

What do population pyramids illustrate?

A) fertility rates and mortality rates
B) sex ratios and dependency ratios
C) birth rates and life expectancy
D) natural change and natural turnover

Question 6

Which of the following is typical of Global South countries?

A) low birth rates and a low youth age dependency ratio
B) low birth rates and a high youth age dependency ratio
C) high birth rates and a high youth dependency ratio
D) high birth rates and a low youth dependency ratio

Question 7

Who wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population," arguing that humans are driven to reproduce and will multiply excessively without checks to slow population growth?

A) C. Wright Mills
B) Thomas Malthus
C) Warren Thomson
D) Karl Marx

Question 8

Which of the following is a preventative check on population, according to Malthusian theory?

A) war
B) waterborne diseases
C) food shortages
D) delaying marriage

Question 9

Despite the significance of Malthus's work, his vision hasn't come to pass. What did he fail to anticipate?

A) population momentum
B) agricultural advances
C) environmental determinism
D) pandemics

Question 10

According to demographic transition theory, which of the following is TRUE of stage 1?

A) The population has a low birth rate and a low death rate.
B) The total population is beginning to decrease for the first time.
C) The population has a high birth rate, but the death rate is declining.
D) The population has a high birth rate and a high death rate that tend to balance each other over time.

Question 11

According to demographic transition theory, which stage has been the pattern for most of human history?

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 12

According to demographic transition theory, which of the following is TRUE of stage 5?

A) Birth rates and death rates are high.
B) The population growth rate is very high.
C) This stage has not yet come into full existence.
D) Most industrial societies are in this stage.

Question 13

A primary criticism of demographic transition theory is that it ______.

A) ignores economic and technological development
B) does not consider how a country's resources and land may determine how much population it can support
C) ignores the role of improvements in health and sanitation
D) stops short of forecasting future population growth and expansion

Question 14

According to wealth flow theory, which of the following is TRUE when intergenerational wealth flows from children to parents?

A) child mortality is low
B) death rates are low
C) birth rates are high
D) the total population is decreasing

Question 15

Karl Marx disagreed with Malthus's idea that high fertility rates and population growth produce poverty. Rather, he believed that ______ caused poverty.

A) natural disasters
B) socialist policies
C) capitalism
D) institutional racism

Question 16

______ occurs when environmental pollution disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities.

A) Othering
B) Environmental racism
C) Gentrification
D) Segregation

Question 17

China's one-child policy was an example of a(n) ______.

A) pronatalist policy
B) antinatalist policy
C) expansionary policy
D) contractionary policy

Question 18

Singapore has limited the number of one bedroom apartments to force more people to live together. This is an example of a(n) ______.

A) pronatalist policy
B) antinatalist policy
C) expansionary policy
D) contractionary policy

Question 19

In general, the higher the status of women in society, ______.

A) the lower the female life expectancy
B) the higher the youth dependency ratio
C) the lower the fertility rate
D) the higher the population growth

Question 20

According to the ______ model, most people do NOT leave a location unless they have been forced out, or have a viable alternative in a new location.

A) human capital
B) gravity
C) micro behavioral
D) push-pull

Question 21

The ______ perspective focuses on how individuals' assessment of costs and benefits impacts migration patterns.

A) functionalist
B) symbolic interactionist
C) conflict
D) rational choice

Question 22

______ are those who flee in search of safety in times of war, political oppression, natural disaster, or religious persecution.

A) Refugees
B) Asylum seekers
C) Labor migrants
D) Undocumented immigrants

Question 23

Which of the following was TRUE when Social Security was established in the United States in the 1930s?

A) The child dependency ratio was lower than it is now.
B) Life expectancy was lower that it is now.
C) Life expectancy was higher for men than for women.
D) The old-age dependency ratio was lower.

Question 24

In 1900, 60.4% of Americans lived in ______.

A) megacities
B) urban areas
C) urban clusters
D) rural areas

Question 25

By 2015, 81.6% of Americans lived in ______.

A) megacities
B) urban areas
C) urban clusters
D) rural areas

Question 26

Some of the first U.S. sociologists, members of the Chicago School, focused on which of the following?

A) patterns of land use and residential distribution in the city
B) world urbanization trends
C) the effect of past and present racial discrimination on minorities living in cities
D) the varying physical health of urban dwellers

Question 27

Who published The Philadelphia Negro, the first empirical study of urban Black people, in 1899, but has only recently been widely acknowledged for his groundbreaking studies?

A) E. Franklin Frasier
B) Georg Simmel
C) Charles S. Johnson
D) W. E. B. Du Bois

Question 28

Which of the following is a global trend affecting urban planning today?

A) Anomie will decrease.
B) International boundaries will increase in importance.
C) McDonaldization will continue.
D) Economic stratification will decrease.

Question 29

Which of the following occurs when the Earth's atmosphere traps heat that radiates out from the Earth?

A) the unruh effect
B) the Wallace effect
C) the Dole effect
D) the greenhouse effect

Question 30

The increase of ______ in the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution mirrors the increase of atmospheric pressure over that same period.

A) nitrous oxide
B) carbon dioxide
C) methane
D) chlorofluorocarbons

Question 31

Which of the following agreements, signed in 2016, represents a global effort to reduce emissions?

A) the UNFCCC
B) the Copenhagen and Cancun Agreements
C) the Paris Agreement
D) the Kyoto Protocol

Question 32

Which of the following is TRUE of U.S. residents' view of climate change?

A) A majority believe that climate change is a national threat.
B) A majority believe that climate change is a hoax.
C) A majority are unsure if climate change is real or not.
D) A majority believe that climate change is a distant threat unworthy of national attention.

Question 33

A society that can meet our current needs without harming future generations is referred to as a ______ society.

A) positive
B) green
C) renewable
D) sustainable

Question 34

The worldwide rate of population growth reached its peak during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 35

Most Global North countries have relatively high age dependency ratios.

Question 36

Epidemics and wars are positive checks on population growth.

Question 37

Malthus approved of contraception as a preventative check on population growth.

Question 38

Malthus overemphasized environmental determinism.

Question 39

Karl Marx believed that high fertility rates and population growth that outstrips food and resources produce poverty.

Question 40

The dumping of toxic waste into areas of high percentages of people of color is an example of environment racism.

Question 41

Migration changes the size and composition of the world.

Question 42

Economic development generally results in a decline in the rate of fertility.

Question 43

Providing free contraceptives is an example of a pronatalist policy.

Question 44

The United States government is NOT clearly antinatalist or pronatalist.

Question 45

The gap in life expectancy between the top 1% and bottom 1% in income in the United States has decreased over the past 20 years.

Question 46

Immigration tends to create significant economic loses for receiving countries.

Question 47

Today, there are more refugees in the world than at any time since World War II.

Question 48

American cities have low levels of residential segregation.

Question 49

The overwhelming scientific consensus is that humans have contributed to global warming and must take immediate steps to halt it.

Question 50

Nitrous oxide is the most prevalent greenhouse gas.

Question 51

Most U.S. residents are climate change deniers.

Question 52

Some U.S. states hold themselves to higher regulatory standards than the federal government requires.

Question 53

Why do Global South and Global North nations tend to have relatively high dependency ratios?

Question 54

What are population pyramids? What can they tell us about a nation?

Question 55

How does the demographic transition theory fall short in explaining population growth and expansion?

Question 56

Why do families living in poor nations tend to have more children?

Question 57

How can well-intentioned practices, such as recycling or donating, actually contribute to environmental racism?

Question 58

What are pronatalist and antinatalist policies? Give an example of both.

Question 59

According to social scientists, how does immigration tend to impact receiving countries?

Question 60

How urbanized is the United States?

Question 61

How did W. E. B. Du Bois contribute to the study of urban life?

Question 62

How have urban planners begun to take more active roles on issues related to demographic and economic changes?

Question 63

What is the overwhelming scientific consensus regarding climate change?

Question 64

What is the greenhouse effect? How does it relate to climate change?

Question 65

What is the attitude of most U.S. residents towards climate change?

Question 66

What steps have corporations and governments begun to take to recognize, prepare for, and mitigate the effects of climate change?