Deck 8: Race and Ethnic Group Stratification: Beyond Us and Them

Question 1

______ are groups of people with distinct physical or cultural characteristics who are singled out from others in their society for differential and unequal treatment.

A) Ethnic groups
B) Minority groups
C) Racial groups
D) Out-groups

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A(n) ______ is a socially created concept that identifies a group as "different," usually on the basis of ancestry or certain physical characteristics.

A) race
B) ethnicity
C) minority
D) enclave

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The first time humans were systematically classified into different races was in ______.

A) 1859 by Charles Darwin
B) 1869 Louis Agassiz
C) 1925 by Adolf Hitler
D) 1735 by Carl von Linné

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Who became known as the "father of modern racism" for his book Essay on Inequality of the Human Races, published in 1853-1855?

A) Comte de Gobineau
B) Josiah C. Nott
C) Henry Hotze
D) Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Question 5

Which of the following was a conclusion of the United Nations' 1978 Declaration on Race and Race Prejudice?

A) People are born unequal in dignity and in rights.
B) Racial conflicts are not to be considered the burden of the international community.
C) Racial prejudice impedes personal development.
D) Problems arising from race relations are biological in origin.

Question 6

Sociologists study race because it is ______.

A) understood consistently across time
B) well-defined
C) socially significant
D) scientifically accurate

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true regarding the continuing significance of race in the United States?

A) The life expectancy of Black Americans is 4.4 years less than the average life expectancy of all other races combined.
B) When controlling for education level, income levels for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites are nearly equal.
C) Education levels minimize, but do not eradicate the gap in unemployment rates by race and ethnicity.
D) In 99% of neighborhoods in the United States, Black women earn less than White women raised by families with comparable incomes.

Question 8

Which of the following are based on cultural factors, including language, religion, customs, values, and norms?

A) ethnic groups
B) minority groups
C) racial groups
D) reference groups

Question 9

Which of the following statements is true regarding multiracial Americans?

A) Despite new immigration, rates of intermarriage are declining.
B) White-Asian adults are the largest multiracial group.
C) Over 50% of children living with two parents have parents of different races.
D) About 7% of adults come from more than one racial background.

Question 10

______ refers to preconceived attitudes about a group, while ______ refers to differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities.

A) Prejudice; discrimination
B) Discrimination; Prejudice
C) Racism; scapegoating
D) Scapegoating; racism

Question 11

Eric saw a woman wearing a hijab on the subway. He immediately had negative feelings towards her because of her religious affiliation. Eric's response is an example of which of the following?

A) stereotyping
B) prejudice
C) racism
D) discrimination

Question 12

Amelia assumes that all Black Americans like watermelon and fried chicken. This is an example of which of the following?

A) stereotyping
B) discrimination
C) scapegoating
D) xenophobia

Question 13

A cake shop owner in Colorado refused to sell a wedding cake to a gay couple. This is an example of which of the following?

A) stereotyping
B) prejudice
C) discrimination
D) scapegoating

Question 14

Which theory claims that many of those who carry out acts of racial discrimination feel angry and frustrated because they cannot attain what they desire?

A) structural functionalist theory
B) frustration-aggression theory
C) intersection theory
D) pluralist theory

Question 15

Lily teaches her children that race doesn't matter. This is an example of which of the following?

A) a color-blind perspective
B) scapegoating
C) institutional racism
D) bigotry

Question 16

What is the effect of holding a color-blind perspective?

A) It acknowledges the invisible privileges of Whites in society.
B) It allows discrimination hidden within society's institutions to remain in place.
C) It accepts the fact that for many people of color, their skin color is integral to their identity and experience.
D) It challenges racism evasiveness.

Question 17

______ racial discrimination is any meso-level institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another.

A) Side-effect
B) Past-in-present
C) Individual
D) Institutional

Question 18

Former Seattle mayor Greg Nickels noticed that there were many burned out streetlights in Southeast Seattle when he toured the neighborhood in 2008. When he looked into the issue, he discovered that it was policy to wait until a resident reported an outage to replace the bulb. Most residents of the neighborhood were racial minorities, many of whom didn't feel comfortable interacting with government officials. Additionally, nearly half of residents were refugees, some of whom didn't have the language skills necessary to report an outage. This policy was an example of which of the following?

A) unintentional institutional discrimination
B) intentional institutional discrimination
C) side-effect discrimination
D) past-in-present discrimination

Question 19

Apartheid legislation in South Africa was an example of which of the following?

A) unintentional institutional discrimination
B) intentional institutional discrimination
C) side-effect discrimination
D) past-in-present discrimination

Question 20

Minority groups in the United States have, on average, significantly lower net worth than White Americans, even when the two have similar education, income, and occupations. Sociologists partially attribute the wealth gap to discriminatory housing policies common before the Fair Housing Act of 1968. This is an example of which of the following?

A) scapegoating
B) stereotyping
C) side-effect discrimination
D) past-in-present discrimination

Question 21

The Srebrenica massacre, in which the Serb Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) killed more than 8,000 Bosniaks, is an example of a ______.

A) genocide
B) subjugation
C) population transfer
D) assimilation

Question 22

Segregation is a form of which of the following?

A) genocide
B) subjugation
C) population transfer
D) assimilation

Question 23

Which of the following minority reactions to group contact involves attempting to look like the dominant group?

A) acceptance
B) passing
C) aggression
D) avoidance

Question 24

Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement in the 1920s was an example of which of the following coping strategies?

A) avoidance
B) aggression
C) assimilation
D) acceptance

Question 25

Which of the following is true of Durkheim's view of prejudice, discrimination, and institutional racism?

A) He divided social inequalities into individual social inequalities and institutional social inequalities.
B) He argued that the existence of external inequality in an industrial society indicates that its institutions aren't functioning well.
C) He argued that the existence of inequality is functional because minority groups provide a cheap pool of labor to perform menial unskilled jobs.
D) He argued that the exploitation of minority groups is built into the capitalist system.

Question 26

What policies have created the most controversy among opponents of affirmative action?

A) quota systems
B) preference policies
C) privilege policies
D) strict affirmative action

Question 27

Dominant groups are always in the numerical majority.

Question 28

Racial categories are biological constructions.

Question 29

According to most sociologists, race is a social construct that can vary over time and place.

Question 30

In the 19^th century, many used pseudoscientific rankings of social groups to justify slavery and colonialism.

Question 31

Over the history of United States, the racial classifications on the Census have stayed the same.

Question 32

Blacks have their cars searched far more often than Whites even though Whites are more likely to have drugs or illegal materials in their cars.

Question 33

According to the 2010 Census, African Americans make up the largest ethnic group in the United States.

Question 34

Prejudice refers to differential treatment and harmful actions against minorities.

Question 35

According to frustration-aggression theory, many of the perpetrators of racist acts feel angry because they cannot get what they want.

Question 36

Those who have a color-blind perspective on race notice the invisible privileges of Whites in U.S. society.

Question 37

Institutional racism can either be intentional or unintentional.

Question 38

Side-effect discrimination is a form of intentional institutional discrimination.

Question 39

Passing often involves abandoning one's own culture and turning one's back on family groups.

Question 40

According to conflict theory, creating a less powerful group protects the dominant group's advantages.

Question 41

All contact reduces prejudice.

Question 42

Sociologists argue that micro-level strategies to reduce discrimination are more effective than institutional and societal approaches.

Question 43

What factors characterize minority groups and their relations with dominant groups in society?

Question 44

What do sociologists mean when they say that race is socially significant?

Question 45

What are the most common push-pull factors today that drive people to the United States?

Question 46

Explain why the color-blind ideology is problematic.

Question 47

What is institutional racial discrimination? Provide an example of intentional institutional racial discrimination and an example of unintentional institutional racial discrimination.

Question 48

Define subjugation. Provide two different historical examples.

Question 49

Compare and contrast assimilation and pluralism. Under what conditions is assimilation or pluralism most likely to occur?

Question 50

List and briefly discuss the four micro-level coping strategies.

Question 51

Do functionalists view prejudice, discrimination, and institutional racism as functional or dysfunctional for society? Explain.

Question 52

According to conflict theorists, what are the three critical factors that contribute to animosity between groups?

Question 53

Conflict theory has taught us a great deal about racial and ethnic stratification, but it-like any theoretical perspective-has its shortcoming. Discuss a common criticism of the conflict perspective of racial and ethnic stratification.

Question 54

Evaluate a micro-, meso-, or macro-level attempt to either end preferential treatment toward a dominant group or the disadvantage of a minority group. In your essay, highlight the desired change intended by the policy or practice. Also, evaluate the effectiveness of the policy or practice's efforts to meet its intended goal.

Question 55

Discuss the idea behind group contact as a means for improving dominant-minority group relations. Provide an example of a scenario in which you think this tactic would work, and a second example of a scenario in which it wouldn't work.

Question 56

Compare and contrast the three policies associated with affirmative action.