Deck 2: Theories of Victimization

Question 1

Prosecutors began to establish victim-assistance programs during the ______.

A) 1950s
B) 1930s
C) 1970s
D) These have always been a part of the CJ system.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The emergence of agencies such as rape crisis centers developed in response to the perceived need for which of the following?

A) sexual assault prevention efforts
B) increased community awareness
C) decreased pain that victims of crime experience
D) all of these are correct

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following pieces of legislation provides support for criminal justice researchers studying issues related to intimate partner violence?

A) Campus Sexual Assault Victims' Bill of Rights
B) Child Abuse Victims' Bill of Rights
C) Violence Against Women Act
D) Crime Victim's Rights Act

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Core rights of victims include ______.

A) right to attend criminal justice proceedings
B) right to apply for compensation
C) right to protection from intimidation and harassment
D) all of these are correct

Question 5

Reasons why a victim might choose not to report their victimization to the police include all except ______.

A) societal embarrassment
B) the belief that nothing could be done
C) the belief that it was not serious and a personal matter
D) employment jeopardy

Question 6

Victims of sexual assault and intimate partner violence tend to seek help from all of the following except ______.

A) police
B) family
C) mental health services
D) friends

Question 7

If a rape victim dresses provocatively, she deserved to be raped. This statement is an example of ______.

A) secondary victimization
B) overt traumatization
C) victim blaming
D) stigmatization

Question 8

Which of the following refers to the practices whereby the responsing of the crime is diffused from the offender and blame is shifted to the victim?

A) secondary victimization
B) overt traumatization
C) victim blaming
D) primary victimization

Question 9

______ networks act as a support system for victims to seek professional help and to make an official crime report.

A) Formal
B) Informal
C) Legal
D) Private

Question 10

An attack who is killed in self-defense is an example of a

A) victim who alone is guilty.
B) innocent victim.
C) imaginary victim.
D) voluntary victim.

Question 11

Which of the following are considered negative consequences of victim blaming?

A) Victim blaming assumes that people are able to change the environment in which they live.
B) Victim blaming assumes that only innocent victims are true victims.
C) Victim blaming creates a false sense of security about the risks of crime.
D) all of these are correct

Question 12

According to Mendelsohn, victims of random and unprecipitated crime are ______.

A) innocent victims
B) victims with minor guilt
C) natural victims
D) not victims at all

Question 13

Mendelsohn focused on ______.

A) influence of guilt and responsibility of victims
B) offender innocence
C) victim risk factors
D) male dominant behaviors

Question 14

Who of the following focused on how personal factors influence risk factors for victimization?

A) Mendelsohn
B) Agnew
C) Cohen and Felson
D) von Hentig

Question 15

Which of the following is not true regarding the just world hypothesis?

A) The concept posits that people deserve what comes to them.
B) It allows people to distinguish themselves from the identity of victimhood.
C) It implies that there are no true victims.
D) It leads to an increased support of rape myths.

Question 16

The just world hypothesis may lead to all of the following except ______.

A) impact on future reporting trends.
B) increased support of rape myths.
C) decreased crime reporting.
D) increased support for victims.

Question 17

Researchers have suggested that which two theories should be combined to investigate victimization risks in general?

A) just world hypothesis and general strain theory
B) routine activities theory and lifestyle theory
C) lifestyle theory and feminist pathways perspective
D) general strain theory and routine activities theory

Question 18

Which of the following is true about lifestyle theory?

A) It was developed to explore the risks of victimization from personal crimes.
B) It suggests that risky lifestyles decrease the risk for victimization.
C) It was developed to explore the risks of victimization from property crimes.
D) It suggests that risky lifestyles increase the risk for offending.

Question 19

Hans von Hentig looked at which of the following personal factors when researching influences risk factors for victimization.

A) biological
B) psychological
C) sociological
D) all of these are correct

Question 20

The feminist pathways perspective suggests ______.

A) a continuum of victimization
B) a cycle of victimization and offending
C) A life free of victimization increases the likelihood of offending.
D) Pathways do not exist for women.

Question 21

Fear of crime can lead to all of the following except for

A) decreased self-worth.
B) decreased self-esteem.
C) increased anxiety.
D) increase sense of security.

Question 22

Victims' rights are referenced in state laws and constitutions in ______ states.

A) 25
B) 35
C) 45
D) 50

Question 23

Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory suggests that the likelihood of a criminal act occurs with all of the following except for

A) someone who is interested in pursuing a criminal action
B) potential victim "available" to be victimized
C) absence of someone or something that would deter the offender form making contact with the victim
D) gender plays a role in how factors influence victimization risk.

Question 24

In a cycle of ______, young girls often run away from home in an attempt to escape from an abusive situation.

A) victimization and offending
B) feminism
C) pathways
D) lifesytle

Question 25

______ research draws upon the historical context of women's and girls' lives to relate how events and traumas affect their likelihood to engage in crime.

A) Routine activities
B) Victim responsibility
C) Feminist pathways perspective
D) Criminal justice

Question 26

Mendelsoh's "imaginary victim" is defined as a______.

A) victim mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized
B) victim believes that he or she was victimized by a ghost
C) victim who provokes another to commit the crime
D) victim who is solely responsible for the crime

Question 27

Mendelsoh's "voluntary victim" is defined as ______.

A) victim mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized
B) victim and offender are equally responsible for the crime
C) victim who provokes another to commit the crime
D) victim who is solely responsible for the crime

Question 28

Mendelsoh's "innocent victim" is defined as ______.

A) victim mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized
B) victim and offender are equally responsible for the crime
C) victim who provokes another to commit the crime
D) victim has no responsibility for the crime

Question 29

Mendelsoh's "victim who alone is guilty" is defined as ______.

A) victim mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized
B) victim and offender are equally responsible for the crime
C) victim who is solely responsible for his or her own victimization
D) victim has no responsibility for the crime

Question 30

The ______, holds that people get what they deserve, is a form of victim blaming.

A) real world hypothesis
B) just world hypothesis
C) ordinary world hypothesis
D) old world hypothesis

Question 31

Gendered ______ to specific crime types such as rape may explain the gendered fear of crime.

A) socialization
B) victimization
C) routine
D) offending

Question 32

Which of the following cases was used as an example of the just world hypothesis?

A) Andrea Yates
B) Kobe Bryant
C) Damien Echols
D) Benjamin Mendelsohn

Question 33

A victim who is more guilty than the offender is a victim who ______.

A) mistakenly believes he or she has been victimized
B) who is solely responsible for his or her own victimization
C) precipitates crime with carelessness
D) provokes or induces another to commit crime

Question 34

Which of the following border towns is notoriously known for femicide?

A) Tijuana
B) Ciudad Juarez
C) Nogales
D) Mexicali

Question 35

The cases of femicide amongst border towns involve significant acts of ______ crime.

A) sexual
B) property
C) white-collar
D) hate

Question 36

Which of the following explanations was identified in the text as an explanation for the murders of women in border towns?

A) human trafficking
B) gender-based discrimination
C) presence of serial killing
D) drug trafficking

Question 37

Ariel Castro pled guilty for all of the following rimes except for ______.

A) kidnapping
B) murder
C) rape
D) child endangerment

Question 38

Phillip Garrido, the abducter and abuser of Jaycee Dugard, had which of the following convictions on his record?

A) sex offending
B) murder
C) robbery
D) arson

Question 39

Attempts to pass an amendment to the U.S. Constitution on victims' rights have been successful.

Question 40

Victims' rights are referenced in state laws and constitutions in all 50 states.

Question 41

The Kobe Bryant rape case led to decreased reporting of sexual assault.

Question 42

A belief in the just world hypothesis leads to an increased support of rape myths.

Question 43

The media can perpetuate victim blaming.

Question 44

Cohen and Felson's theory was created to dicuss victimization in property crimes.

Question 45

The media portray a distorted view of the criminal justice system.

Question 46

Victims play an important role in the criminal justice process.

Question 47

According to von Hentig's theory, victimization of women can only be explained by their gender.

Question 48

Victim blaming creates a false sense of security about the risks of crime.

Question 49

Under the pathways perspective, criminal offending may be a survival technique.

Question 50

The routine activities theory has also been used to look at cybercrimes.

Question 51

In a cycle of victimization and offending, young girls often run away from home in an attempt to escape from an abusive situation.

Question 52

Many abusers use a woman's illegal immigration status as a threat ot ensure compliance.

Question 53

The media's protraty of crime often leads to an overexaggeration of violent crime in society.

Question 54

Explain how victim blaming impacts a victim's decision to report their victimization. Give an example.

Question 55

Compare and contrast routine activities theory and lifestyle theory.

Question 56

Discuss the relationship between victimization and offending as described by the feminist pathways perspective.

Question 57

Discuss the fear of victimization perpetuated by the media.

Question 58

Identify and discuss one of Mendelsohn's categories of victims.