Deck 28: World Wars and Competing Visions of Modernity, 1900-1945

Question 1

The _________ as it came to be known, is often cited as the modern beginning of Chinese nationalism and led shortly thereafter to the founding of a Chinese Communist Party in 1921.

A) May Fourth Movement
B) April Fourth Movement
C) June Fourth Movement
D) October Fourth Movement

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The Holocaust led to the murder of roughly _________, nearly six million, of Europe's Jews.

A) one-half
B) two-thirds
C) one-third
D) one-fifth

Answer 2

B

Question 3

_________ was the most prominent advocate of nonviolence in India in the 1920s and 1930s.

A) Jawarhalal Nehru
B) Nathuram Godse
C) Narayan Apte
D) Mohandas Gandhi

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Taking his cue from Mussolini's policies, Germany's Führer Adolf Hitler _________ of the Weimar Republic, purged the civil service of Jews, closed down all political parties except for the NSDAP, enacted censorship laws, and sent Communists to concentration camps.

A) reformed the federalist structure
B) abolished the federalist structure
C) strengthened the federalist structure
D) adapted the federalist structure

Question 5

President Harry S Truman made the fateful decision to have two experimental bombs dropped on _________ on August 6 and 9, 1945.

A) Kyoto and Yokohama
B) Kyoto and Hiroshima
C) Kyoto and Tokyo
D) Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Question 6

In Russia, Lenin's successor, _________, built the Communist Party into an all-powerful apparatus that brutally shifted resources from agriculture into industry and lifted the Soviet Union into the ranks of the industrial powers.

A) Vyacheslav Molotov
B) Joseph Stalin
C) Gregory Malenkov
D) Nikita Khrushchev

Question 7

As part of the First Five-Year Plan, three to five percent of the "wealthiest" farmers on grain-producing lands, called _________, were "liquidated," meaning that they were either executed, sent to labor camps, or resettled on inferior soil.

A) serednyaks
B) bednyaks
C) kulaks
D) batraks

Question 8

After World War I, the most strategically important focus of British and French colonialism was _________.

A) The South Pacific
B) The Middle East
C) Southeast Asia
D) West Africa

Question 9

After the Crisis of 1928, the Communist party decreed the _________ as the necessary step toward the Soviet Union's accelerated industrialization.

A) collectivization of agriculture
B) confiscation of personal goods and wages
C) indentured servitude of peasants
D) mass genocide of peasants

Question 10

General _________ was the man behind the creation of a modern, secular Turkey that was now able to stand up against the European powers.

A) Celal Bayor
B) Fevzic Cakmak
C) Mustafa Kemal "Atatürk"
D) Ismet Inonu

Question 11

Which of the following does not characterize the United States after the First World War?

A) The war industrial economy went into sudden collapse.
B) The majority of the population now lived in nonrural environments.
C) It shifted from a debtor to a creditor nation.
D) It was the strongest among the Allied democracies.

Question 12

In 1920, the _________ gave American women the right to vote.

A) Twelfth Amendment
B) Nineteenth Amendment
C) Eighteenth Amendment
D) Thirteenth Amendment

Question 13

The _________ of Vladimir Lenin, previously under persecution by the provisional social-democratic government, steadily campaigned against Russian involvement in what had become a highly unpopular war and launched a takeover in the capital of Petrograd, as St. Petersburg had been renamed at the start of the conflict.

A) "Liquidationists"
B) Socialist Revolutionaries
C) Mensheviks
D) Bolsheviks

Question 14

While Japan had used its control of Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan in its support of autarky and economic stability in the 1930s, its bid for empire in the Pacific was portrayed as the construction of _________.

A) "The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Alliance"
B) "The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"
C) "The Greater East Asia Monopoly"
D) "The Greater East Asia Empire"

Question 15

Under the premiership of General Tojo Hideki, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the Philippines, and Dutch and British territories on _________.

A) December 15, 1941
B) December 15, 1942
C) December 7-8, 1941
D) December 1, 1941

Question 16

Germany, with its allies Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire made up what was known as the _________, at war with Great Britain, France, and Russia, the so-called Entente Powers or Allies.

A) Central powers
B) Axis powers
C) Belligerent powers
D) Aggressive powers

Question 17

In 1924, "Il Duce," as Mussolini styled himself, began implementing his idea of a _________, in which all sectors of society contribute in a systematic, orderly and hierarchical fashion to the health of the state.

A) communist state
B) police state
C) client state
D) corporate state

Question 18

In 1919, the Indian National Congress called for full _________, or self-rule from Britain, and advocated nonviolent noncooperation.

A) moksha
B) swaraj
C) ex-raj
D) dharma

Question 19

From the very first, World War I was what is known as a _________, a conflict in which the belligerent parties engage in the complete mobilization of available resources in order to secure a military victory.

A) war of capitulation
B) total war
C) terminal war
D) do-or-die war

Question 20

As a result of the Versailles Peace Treaty which brought World War I to an end, a new supra-national _________ was entrusted with the maintenance of peace.

A) United Nations
B) Federation of Nations
C) World Confederation
D) League of Nations

Question 21

The anti-foreigner, anti-immigration and anti-Communist hysteria which followed the failed union strikes of 1919 culminated in the _________ in 1927.

A) Leopold and Loeb Trial
B) Scopes "Monkey" Trial
C) Sacco-Vanzetti Trial
D) Hauptmann Trial

Question 22

In 1929, the newly created _________ brought the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1917 to an end.

A) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
B) Party of Democratic Revolutions (PRD)
C) National Action Party (PAN)
D) Labor Party (PT)

Question 23

President Wilson's war aims, embodied in his _________, sought to use the war to advance his desire "to make the world…safe for democracy."

A) Five Points
B) Twelve Points
C) Fourteen Points
D) Ten Points

Question 24

The German army in Poland had pioneered a new kind of warfare referred to as "lightning war," or _________.

A) Sturzkampfflugzeug
B) Stuka
C) Blitzkrieg
D) Panzer

Question 25

One showpiece of President Franklin Roosevelt's anti-Depression legislation was the _________.

A) The Tennessee Valley Authority
B) Medicare
C) Medicaid
D) The "War on Poverty"

Question 26

May 8, 1945, is known as _________ or "VE Day."

A) Victory Expected Day
B) Victory with England Day
C) Victory in England Day
D) Victory in Europe Day

Question 27

After growing disillusioned with Marxism, Italy's Benito Mussolini founded the "Italian Combat Squads," also known as the "Blackshirts," thus giving rise to the ideology of _________.

A) Surrealism
B) Fascism
C) Communism
D) Socialism

Question 28

The so-called February Revolution in Russia forced Tsar _________ to abdicate and create a provisional government.

A) Alexander II
B) Alexander III
C) Nicholas II
D) Nicholas I

Question 29

Germany's NSDAP, or _________ Party, achieved 38 percent of the seats in the elections of July 1932, becoming the largest party in the parliament.

A) National Socialist German Workers
B) German Conservative
C) German National People's
D) German Progress

Question 30

The _________, a new secret police force established by Hitler, set in place a surveillance system in what was now called Germany's "Third Empire".

A) Wehrmacht
B) Luftwaffe
C) Schutzstaffel
D) Gestapo

Question 31

In March 1918, in return for Russia's peaceful withdrawal from the war, the Treaty of _________ obligated Russia to hand over roughly one third of the Russian Empire´s population, territory and resources to Germany.

A) Brest-Litovsk
B) Paris
C) Plassy
D) Bjorko

Question 32

The _________ declared Britain's support for the idea of establishing Palestine as a national homeland for the Jewish people.

A) Mandate of Palestine
B) McMahon-Hussein Correspondence
C) Sykes-Picot Agreement
D) Balfour Declaration of 1917

Question 33

Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's prodding, Congress immediately enacted what he called the _________.

A) "New Society"
B) "New Deal"
C) "Great Society"
D) "New Frontier"

Question 34

On June 28, 1914, members of a Bosnian Serb nationalist group assassinated the Austrian heir to the throne, _________, and his wife while they toured the Bosnian city of Sarajevo, thus unleashing the chain of events that would ultimately lead to World War I.

A) Ernest Von Hohenberg
B) Bohuslaw Chotek
C) Francis II
D) Franz Ferdinand

Question 35

The Schlieffen Plan, implemented by the Germans at beginning of World War I, came close to succeeding, but it ultimately failed, for all of the following reasons except:

A) Austrian forces were less effective than anticipated against the Russians.
B) The Netherlands intervened on behalf of its neighbor, Belgium, threatening to invade Germany.
C) The Russian army mobilized more quickly than expected.
D) The first Battle of the Marne resulted in a French-British victory in early September 1914.

Question 36

The Allies in World War I recruited volunteers from among their dominions and colonies in considerable numbers, with the British taking _________ from India alone.

A) 800,000
B) 75,000
C) 300,000
D) 1,500,000

Question 37

Outside the Southern United States, _________ was the state that experienced the surge in racial tensions after World War I, with about 30% of the state's population (including the governor) members of the Ku Klux Klan in 1925.

A) Massachusetts
B) California
C) Minnesota
D) Indiana

Question 38

Members of the "Harlem Renaissance" among African American artists and intellectuals felt that to be of African descent:

A) Necessitated a return to Africa, en masse or at least individually.
B) Made one more likely to be a Communist, since the proletariat was created by racist policies.
C) Made one part of a larger and richer collective history extending beyond the history of slavery.
D) Meant that one should reject European art forms and celebrate native African forms of expression only.

Question 39

Among the innovative measures enacted by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the "New Deal" were:

A) The creation of the Mississippi Valley Authority, a public-private cooperative institution that regulated the flow of the river to Louisiana.
B) The creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), charged with enforcing regulations and preventing a repetition of the Stock Market Collapse of 1929.
C) The introduction of the highest trade tariffs in American history, which triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries and stimulated world commerce.
D) The establishment of Medicare, as a health-care system designed to assist retired senior citizens.

Question 40

One of the most significant reasons for the continued stagnation of the British economy after World War I was:

A) That nearly half of its budget in the interwar period went to paying off debt from the war.
B) That workers demanded high wages in the aftermath of the war effort and businesses reacted too quickly to their demands by raising them.
C) The General Strike of 1926 dragged on for 10 months, causing the rise of Oswald Mosley's "Blackshirt" movement.
D) Full employment (i.e. a 4% unemployment rate) was reached in 1920, and businesses could not find an adequate work force to staff their businesses.

Question 41

"Lawrence of Arabia" helped the members of a prominent family, the ______ from Mecca, to assume leadership of the Arabs for a promised national kingdom in Syria and Palestine.

A) Baathists
B) Sharifs
C) Sauds
D) Hashemites

Question 42

Once Saad Zaghlul and his Wafd party assumed control of Egypt in 1924, they:

A) Threatened to dislodge the British from the Suez Canal zone unless certain concessions were made.
B) Were uninterested in industrial development, leaving Egypt entirely dependent on agricultural production and exports.
C) Came to a tenuous agreement with Islamist forces, since they were in a precarious minority government.
D) Demanded reparations from the French government for Napoleon's invasion in 1798-1799.

Question 43

Kemal "Atatürk" introduced all of the following measures to Turkey except:

A) Women's suffrage.
B) The Latin alphabet for writing the Turkish language.
C) The removal of Anatolian farmers into urban factories and schools.
D) The introduction of deficit spending to stimulate the economy.

Question 44

In his struggle for Indian independence, Mohandas Gandhi pursued a strategy of "satyagraha" or "________".

A) Soul-force
B) Violent revolution
C) Direct democracy
D) Religious orthodoxy

Question 45

At no time except the period of independence (in the 19th century) were there more coups, attempted coups, and uprisings in Latin America than during _____________.

A) 1916-1919
B) 1939-1942
C) 1930-1933
D) 1926-1929

Question 46

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) for the Soviet Union was:

A) A continuation of the policy of "war communism", in which the Red Army was sent into the countryside to requisition food.
B) A mixture of private and state investment in factories and small-scale food marketing by peasants.
C) A failure, since it never returned the Soviet Union to prewar levels of industrial production.
D) A catastrophe for the peasants, with between 6 and 14 million farmers forcibly removed, and the majority killed outright or worked and starved to death.

Question 47

Mussolini's Fascists claimed that they were inaugurating a "_______ state", which theoretically saw all sectors of society contributing in a systematic, orderly, and hierarchical fashion to the health of the whole.

A) Corporate
B) Welfare
C) Racial
D) Hygienic

Question 48

During the rapid process of Hitler's consolidation of power in Germany, which of the following events took place first?

A) The passage of the "Enabling Act".
B) The remilitarization of the Rhineland.
C) The fire in the Reichstag.
D) The Concordat with the Catholic Church.

Question 49

Rearmament in Germany under the Nazis was initially secret but became public knowledge after 1935, and the number of planes in its air force grew by a factor of _______ before 1939.

A) 10
B) 3
C) 20
D) 200

Question 50

Ending in February 1943, the Battle of Stalingrad:

A) Resulted in the deposition of Joseph Stalin and his exile to the United States.
B) Marked the turning point in the European war, with a Soviet victory.
C) Allowed the Germans to focus their attention on expanding into Central and South Asia.
D) Resulted in an Allied victory, with a large deployment of American troops coming to the aid of the Soviets to relieve the siege.

Question 51

Mao Zedong, a librarian by training, was an inspiring rural organizer, and he set about developing his ideas of revolution with the heretical idea of:

A) Purging communists and Comintern agents from his government.
B) Implementing a culture of reading, particularly from the literature of the Zhou period.
C) Incorporating landlords into his leadership and creating fair markets for agricultural land.
D) Inviting peasants into the vanguard of his movement.

Question 52

Japan portrayed its imperial bid in the Pacific in the 1930s as the construction of a "Greater East Asia __________ Sphere."

A) Co-Prosperity
B) Anti-Colonial
C) Tiger
D) Imperial

Question 53

Irena Sendler smuggled some 2500 Jewish children out of __________ before being arrested and tortured in 1943.

A) Copenhagen
B) Amsterdam
C) Warsaw
D) Berlin

Question 54

_________ is defined as the maintenance of a self-supporting state economic system.

A) Plutocracy
B) Meritocracy
C) Autocracy
D) Autarky

Question 55

The planned massacre of _______ was the one large-scale atrocity of World War I.

A) Germans
B) Armenians
C) Serbs
D) Russians

Question 56

The German torpedoing and sinking of the British liner Lusitania in ______ cost the lives of more than 100 Americans and brought the United States to the brink of joining the war in Europe.

A) 1914
B) 1917
C) 1918
D) 1915

Question 57

The League of Nations, created in the aftermath of the "Great War", included all of the following countries as member states except:

A) The United States
B) France
C) Italy
D) Ethiopia

Question 58

The ________ Amendment to the US Federal Constitution, passed in 1920, gave American women the right to vote.

A) Twenty-first
B) Sixteenth
C) Nineteenth
D) Tenth

Question 59

____________ was a cultural movement that, associated with French-language writers like Léopold Senghor, fostered pride in African history, culture, and "blackness".

A) France-Afrique
B) Africa for the Africans
C) Noir, C'est Beau
D) Négritude

Question 60

In the United States, businessmen such as ____________ financed research on how to prevent the reproduction of genetically "inferior" races.

A) Thomas Edison
B) Henry Ford
C) Hiram Maxim
D) J.P. Morgan

Question 61

The Communist Party of __________ initiated the formation of a Popular Front coalition with the Socialist Party and others in 1936.

A) The Soviet Union
B) The United States
C) Great Britain
D) France

Question 62

As Iraq was divided by majority Shiites and minority Sunnis, the ___________ inaugurated a policy of divide and rule in their Middle Eastern mandates, while dangling the prospect of eventual independence in front of them.

A) British
B) French
C) Americans
D) Ottomans

Question 63

Early pioneers of Zionism, like ________, advocated the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

A) Arthur James Balfour
B) Moshe Dayan
C) Theodor Herzl
D) Moses Mendelssohn

Question 64

In March 1930, Mohandas Gandhi protested a British tax on Indian ______ by embarking on a famous 24-day march.

A) Cotton
B) Salt
C) Temples
D) Rubber

Question 65

Among the exiles who returned with Lenin in 1917 were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin, the hardnosed son of an impoverished ___________ cobbler who had escaped exile in Siberia seven times before 1914.

A) Ukrainian
B) Russian
C) Kazakh
D) Georgian

Question 66

As part of the collectivization of agriculture launched in the Soviet Union, 3-5% of the "wealthiest" farmers, called _________, were "liquidated"-selected for execution, removed to labor camps, or resettled on other land.

A) Kulaks
B) Gulags
C) Zemstvos
D) Mirs

Question 67

Adherents to Benito Mussolini's "Fascist" movement, dressed in ______ shirts and organized in paramilitary units, roamed the streets and violently broke up meetings of Communists.

A) Brown
B) Black
C) Red
D) Blue

Question 68

The League of Nations rebuked ________ for its horrifically violent attack, aided by chemical weapons, on Ethiopia in 1935-1936.

A) Germany
B) Great Britain
C) Italy
D) The Soviet Union

Question 69

The Munich Agreement of 1938 ceded ethnic Germans living in _____ to the Third Reich-although none of the affected country's leaders was invited to the conference.

A) Romania
B) Ukraine
C) Turkey
D) Czechoslovakia

Question 70

In 1939, the German army pioneered a new kind of warfare, a "Blitzkrieg" or "lightning war", in _______.

A) Poland
B) The Soviet Union
C) Great Britain
D) Italy

Question 71

Hitler implemented his planned "Endlösung" ("Final Solution") of European Jews beginning in January ________.

A) 1945
B) 1933
C) 1938
D) 1942

Question 72

The Mukden Incident of 1931 was engineered by the Japanese military to provide a pretext for the annexation of _________.

A) Korea
B) Manchuria
C) Sakhalin Island
D) Okinawa

Question 73

Estimates of those slaughtered in the brutal "Rape of _______" of 1937-1938 range between 200,000 and 300,000 people

A) Chongqing
B) Beijing
C) Hanoi
D) Nanjing

Question 74

Under the premiership of General Tojo Hideki, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (Hawaii), _______, and Dutch and British territories on December 7-8, 1941.

A) The Philippines
B) New Zealand
C) Easter Island
D) Christmas Island