Deck 25: Adaptation and Resistance: the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1683-1908

Question 1

The purpose of the "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 was:

A) To assure that all women had access to education.
B) To assure a smooth transition in government should the sultan die
C) To clarify questions of equality among subjects.
D) To make certain that all subjects had adequate access to food and other necessary resources.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of the following is true of the Golden Age of Russian culture EXCEPT:

A) It occurred in spite of periods of censorship and repression.
B) The Russian intelligentsia drew inspiration largely from Greek and Byzantine traditions.
C) Ideas and debates were spread through new literary journals and other new literary forms.
D) The inspired Russian intelligentsia arose primarily from the ranks of landed nobility.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

All of the following is true of Iran EXCEPT:

A) It is also often called Persia.
B) It was the Sunni alternative to the Shiite Ottomans.
C) Two dynasties of kings (shahs) ruled Iran between 1501 and 1925.
D) Iranian rulers had to respect a balance of power between Shiites and Sunnis.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The Young Turks were:

A) Officers officially organized as the Committee of Union and Progress
B) Initially strongly supported by Abdülhamit and his regime.
C) Supported by military and government employees, religious students and religious brotherhood leaders organized by Abdülhamit's courtiers.
D) A bulwark of support for Abdülhamit's government.

Question 5

All of the following are true of the second Ottoman siege to Vienna EXCEPT:

A) Vienna was saved when a Polish relief army arrived.
B) Ottoman sappers and siege cannons succeeded in breaching the walls in several places.
C) The Habsburgs retaliated by seizing the Ottoman territories of Hungary, Transylvania, and northern Serbia.
D) It resulted in a third siege, when peace negotiations failed in 1699.

Question 6

The Congress of Berlin had the following impact on the Ottomans EXCEPT:

A) They lost the provinces of Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and eventually Bulgaria.
B) Bosnia-Herzegovina remained Ottoman, but was administered by Austria-Hungary.
C) Cyprus remained Ottoman, but was placed under British administration.
D) The Parliament took over governance and the Sultan retained only symbolic power.

Question 7

Given the fiscal limitations, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdülhamit II, took all of the following actions between 1876 and 1909 EXCEPT:

A) He was active as a propagandist.
B) He emphasized his credentials as the pan-Islamic caliph of Eurasian Muslims.
C) He encouraged ethnic nationalism within the Empire.
D) He worked to install the fear of jihad in European politicians and their publics.

Question 8

All of the following is true of the crisis from 1873 to 1878 EXCEPT:

A) It was triggered when the government initiated a constitutional congress to better represent ethnic minorities.
B) When the government raised taxes, ethnic-nationalist uprisings began in Herzegovina, Bosnia, and Bulgaria.
C) The reigning sultan was overthrown and a new sultan ascended the throne.
D) It began when the Ottoman government defaulted on foreign loans.

Question 9

The Balkan states of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria:

A) Petitioned for readmission to the Ottoman Empire, seeking protection from Russian imperial expansionism.
B) Declared war against Russia.
C) Assisted in the protection of Erdine, a second capital of the Ottomans.
D) Collaborated in the First Balkan War against the Ottomans.

Question 10

In the early 1700s, the Ottomans instituted the following reforms, EXCEPT:

A) Went on a "gold standard" to stimulate trust in their paper money.
B) Cut the janissary rolls by half.
C) Enlisted Anatolian farmers into the military.
D) Sold lifelong tax farms (life leases) to wealthy courtiers, officers, and administrators.

Question 11

All of the following are true of the Decembrist Revolt EXCEPT:

A) It was led by military officers who were inspired by constitutional nationalism.
B) It occurred just after the ascension of Alexander II.
C) The leaders were executed, but it was a harbinger of things to come.
D) It inspired the tsar to implement a doctrine known as "official nationality."

Question 12

The word Tanzimat refers to:

A) A series of reforms inspired by Western European constitutional nationalism.
B) A distinctive hat worn by Ottoman bureaucrats
C) A new system of banking.
D) The reorganization of the Janissary military.

Question 13

Prior to the nineteenth century, the Ottomans' traditional enemy was:

A) The Russians
B) The Austrian Habsburgs
C) The British
D) The Moroccans

Question 14

Choose the correct chronological order for the events below:

A) The reign of Catherine II of Russia; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire; Emancipation of Russian serfs; Young Turks rise to power.
B) The Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire; The reign of Catherine II of Russia; Emancipation of Russian serfs; Young Turks rise to power
C) Emancipation of Russian serfs; the reign of Catherine II of Russia; Young Turks rise to power; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire
D) The Young Turks rise to power; Emancipation of Russian serfs; the reign of Catherine II of Russia; the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 15

In 1792, an attempt at reform was initiated, which the Ottomans called the "New Order," and its main aim was to:

A) Reorganize the bureaucracy by replacing the existing order with professional, well-educated officials.
B) Reform the tax-farming system with one administered directly by the central government.
C) Replace existing communication systems with new inventions, such as the telegraph and improved railroad lines.
D) Reorganize the army and provide greater training for officers.

Question 16

The Russian Empire expanded during the 1800s at the expense of:

A) The French and Egyptian states.
B) The rapidly declining British Empire
C) The Qajar and Ottoman Empires.
D) Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan.

Question 17

During the period between 1774 and 1808, the Ottoman empire suffered humiliations in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A) They lost the north coast of the Black Sea.
B) They lost Georgia in the Caucasus.
C) Napoleon destroyed the Ottomans' subordinate Mamluk regime in Egypt.
D) They were defeated by the British in the Opium War.

Question 18

All of the following is true of the Great Reforms initiated by Alexander II EXCEPT:

A) The Tsar was convinced of the need for reform by Russia's defeat in the Crimean War.
B) The Tsar believed that Russia had lost in war because of inferior technology and a lack of infrastructure.
C) The Tsar made the mistake of waiting until he could gain the support of the economic and intellectual elite before implementing the reforms.
D) The Tsar believed that the unwillingness of serf-owning aristocracy to shift to market agriculture had had a depressing effect on the economy

Question 19

Following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881:

A) The movement toward liberalization floundered and the new tsars reverted to the tradition of tight, autocratic political control.
B) The succeeding tsars continued the drive for modernization, realizing that it was the only way for Russia to maintain true sovereignty in the industrializing Western European world.
C) The depression of 1873-1896 destroyed any chance of industrialization for at least 25 years.
D) Alexander III was desperate for ideas and inspiration, welcoming diverse opinions from investors, bankers, and the intelligentsia.

Question 20

Choose the correct chronological order of the events below:

A) First Ottoman-Russian war; Ottoman siege of Vienna; Crimean War; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt.
B) Ottoman siege of Vienna; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; First Ottoman-Russian war; Crimean War
C) Second Ottoman siege of Vienna; First Ottoman-Russian war; Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; Crimean War
D) Napoleon's occupation of Egypt; Crimean War; Ottoman siege of Vienna; First Ottoman-Russian war.

Question 21

Napoleon's invasion of Ottoman Egypt in 1798 and Russia in 1812 drove home to their rulers that:

A) If united in sufficient numbers, even under-equipped soldiers could destroy a mobile army.
B) His mobile artillery units drilled in flexible formations were no match for their mercenary armies.
C) His armies of mass conscripts, equipped with flintlock muskets, were superior to theirs.
D) They would have to ally in a common cause against Western European aggression.

Question 22

Even though Ottoman sappers and siege cannons succeeded in breaching the walls of Vienna in several places in 1683, a __________ relief army allied with the Habsburgs arrived just in time to drive out the besieging forces.

A) Russian
B) Polish
C) French
D) Hungarian

Question 23

In the mid-1700s, agents responsible for the collection of taxes, like the "notables" in the Balkans and the "valley lords" in western Anatolia:

A) Withheld increasing amounts from the treasury in Istanbul.
B) Re-established centralized Ottoman power in the sultan's domains.
C) Cooperated with local religious minorities and encouraged foreign trade.
D) Succeeded in preventing a war with Russia, since they realized their troop strength was inadequate.

Question 24

In 1792, the sultan and his viziers proclaimed a "new order" for the army, in which:

A) The Janissaries were allowed to re-convert to Christianity and adopt pacifism.
B) Funding was demanded directly from the valley lords and not from the central treasury.
C) Troop numbers were sharply reduced and trained in the latest European techniques.
D) A separate artillery and flintlock musket corps was created alongside the Janissaries.

Question 25

______ became independent of Ottoman rule in a war of liberation (1821-1832), and it was the first country in which ethnic nationalism was an element in its foundation.

A) Albania
B) Cyprus
C) Egypt
D) Greece

Question 26

The Rose Garden Edict (1839) did all of the following except:

A) Enumerated basic human rights.
B) Freed Christians and Jews from unusual burdens.
C) Proclaimed its congruence with Islamic law.
D) Introduced a military conscription system.

Question 27

The "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 declared that all Ottoman subjects, regardless of _______, had the right to education, employment, and administration of justice.

A) Ethnicity
B) Social class
C) Religion
D) Gender

Question 28

Theoretically, the Land Code of 1858 subjected all users of the "sultan's land" to taxation, but:

A) The sultan could not prove his legal title to many parcels of land, so the system was abandoned.
B) Islamic scholars ruled that this was contradictory to their understanding of Sharia.
C) The "notables" refused to collect the taxes, since they feared an uprising among Slavs.
D) The central administration had no money to appoint tax collectors.

Question 29

Sultan Abdülhamit used the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 as an excuse to:

A) Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree.
B) Abandon the policy of conscripting an army, since it had proven ineffective.
C) Impose a new jizya tax on religious minorities.
D) Hold elections for a Parliament, in order to share the blame for his defeat.

Question 30

Ottoman troops were able to repress nationalist agitators in Macedonia in the 1890s because:

A) Bulgarian and Greek revolutionaries disagreed over where the post-Ottoman borders should be drawn.
B) Germany forcefully intervened on the side of the Ottomans and called a halt to the movement.
C) None of the groups received outside support in their effort.
D) The Janissaries, many of whom were Macedonian, persuaded their compatriots to put down their weapons.

Question 31

Junior military officers launched a coup in 1908 and forced the sultan to:

A) Abdicate in favor of his son.
B) Accept a new parliament.
C) Reform the tax system by abolishing the land registry.
D) Convert to Shiite Islam.

Question 32

In order to survive, Shiites developed the theological concept of taqiyya, which:

A) Allows them to parade their identity, in defiance of Sunni authorities.
B) Permits the murder of Sunni, in the cause of jihad.
C) Promotes ecumenical arrangements with Jewish groups.
D) Allows them to pretend they are Sunnis.

Question 33

When they established power, the Qajars:

A) Drastically restricted the rights and powers of the Shiite clerical hierarchy.
B) Confiscated the clerics' revenues from landholdings in the vicinity of their mosques and schools.
C) Were not powerful enough to interfere with the clerical hierarchy's privileges.
D) Pursued an aggressive agenda of conversion to Shiite Islam, like the Safavids.

Question 34

In _____, after widespread revolts against tax increases to cover a lavish European trip by the shah of Persia, a constitutional revolution put parliamentary limits on the Qajar regime.

A) 1914
B) 1979
C) 1844
D) 1906

Question 35

Among the Enlightenment-inspired reforms of Alexander I was:

A) A recognition of the rights of Jewish minority groups.
B) The liberation of serfs in Russia's Baltic provinces.
C) The rejection of an alliance with Austria and Prussia.
D) The introduction of a British-style parliament which made him a constitutional monarch.

Question 36

The emancipation of Russian serfs fell far short of liberating the peasantry for all of the following reasons except:

A) Former serfs had to make annual payments to the state, to pay back long-term government loans.
B) The decree took two years to be fully enacted.
C) Newly freed serfs were encouraged to emigrate to the Kingdom of Poland and farms were abandoned.
D) Land was turned over to the control of local mirs, which in turn allocated parcels to individual serfs.

Question 37

Continuing the repressive policies of his father, Nicholas launched a pogrom of Russian _________ in 1903-1906, triggering mass emigrations to the United States.

A) Jews
B) Anarchists
C) Ukrainians
D) Intellectuals

Question 38

Among other measures, the system proposed by Sergei Witte:

A) Lowered taxes on the peasantry, to stimulate agricultural production.
B) Limited heavy industrial output.
C) Was rejected by Nicholas II and resulted in his imprisonment in 1892.
D) Converted to the gold standard in order to stabilize the currency.

Question 39

Foremost among the aims identified by Vladimir Lenin in his treatise What Is to Be Done? was:

A) The elimination of the Mensheviks in the Duma.
B) The overthrow of the tsar.
C) The implementation of collectivized farms throughout Russia.
D) The incorporation of the wishes of the Russian masses, whom Lenin trusted implicitly.

Question 40

Among the innovative measures proposed by Nikolai Chernyshevsky in his novel What Is to be Done? was:

A) The overthrow of the tsar.
B) The implementation of collectivized farms throughout Russia.
C) The celebration of "Russianness" in culture and the rejection of Western influences.
D) The liberation of women.

Question 41

The end of serfdom in Russia would not come until 1861, and the end of slavery in the Ottoman Empire not until ________.

A) 1890
B) 1888
C) 1865
D) 1914

Question 42

Reformers in Ottoman Empire introduced a system of "life lease" for taxation in the 18th century, mirroring developments that were taking place in the taxation system of _______.

A) Russia
B) Germany
C) France
D) China

Question 43

In 18th-century eastern Arabia, a local _________, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, exploited Ottoman decentralization to ally himself with Ibn Saud, the head of a powerful family.

A) Albanian-born vassal to the sultan
B) Sunni cleric
C) Shiite warrior
D) Renegade Janissary

Question 44

After a dozen years of careful maneuvering, a(n) ______-born sultan reconstituted the core of his army, neutralized many nobles, and crushed the Janissaries in a bloody massacre in 1826.

A) Albanian
B) Arabian
C) Kurdish
D) Ukrainian

Question 45

The Ottoman vassal in Egypt, Muhammad Ali, rose in rebellion and would have conquered ____________ had European forces not intervened.

A) Syria
B) Istanbul
C) Algiers
D) Jerusalem

Question 46

In 1839, the Ottoman government issued a series of reform edicts that are collectively known as Tanzimat or "______".

A) Openness
B) Young Turks
C) Reorganizations
D) New Sciences

Question 47

As a result of its loss in the Crimean War of __________, Russia was forced to recognize the Ottoman Empire's right to full integrity.

A) 1853-1856
B) 1841-1844
C) 1861-1865
D) 1846-1848

Question 48

Seven years after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the sultan was forced to recognize the independence of _____.

A) Romania
B) Bosnia-Herzegovina
C) Greece
D) Bulgaria

Question 49

Between 1894 and 1896, the Ottoman sultan armed Kurdish tribal units, which massacred thousands of _______ villagers.

A) Ethnic Turkish
B) Armenian
C) Sunni
D) Ethnic Greek

Question 50

In 1912, ______, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece collaborated in the First Balkan War, forcing Ottoman forces to retreat from the strategically important city of Edirne and move back to Istanbul.

A) Russia
B) Austria-Hungary
C) Great Britain
D) Serbia

Question 51

Shiites are unique in having a small number, about half a dozen today, of ___________ ("signs of God"), who are distinguished by their knowledge of the Quran and Islamic tradition.

A) Imams
B) Ayatollahs
C) Caliphs
D) Beys

Question 52

In ________ in the 1700s, one of the two major Pashtu tribal federations revolted repeatedly against the efforts of the Safavids to convert them to Shiite Islam.

A) Afghanistan
B) India
C) Syria
D) Persia

Question 53

In a reform of the educational system in 1782, _________ made education, from urban primary schools to high schools, free and mostly staffed with clergy.

A) Joseph II
B) Nicholas I
C) Catherine II the Great
D) Alexander I Pugachev

Question 54

The Decembrist Revolt was led by a small number of _________ in 1825, but it was quickly suppressed and its leaders were hanged.

A) Enraged peasants
B) Embittered Cossacks
C) Romanov pretenders to the throne
D) Military officers who wanted reforms

Question 55

Russian serfs were organized into ____, or communes, which oversaw economic and legal affairs, and their dwellings were clustered around a village center.

A) Mirs
B) Boyars
C) Cossacks
D) Bolsheviks

Question 56

In the 1870s, conservative intellectuals broadened the conceptualization of Russian nationality into an ideology of Pan-__________.

A) Germanism
B) Slavism
C) Orthodoxy
D) Serfdom

Question 57

The assassination of ________ in 1881 by a leftist terrorist organization impatient for further reforms triggered a repressive backlash from the next tsar.

A) Nicholas II
B) Nicholas I
C) Alexander II
D) Alexander III

Question 58

The more moderate group of political activists in the Social Democratic Labor Party, meeting in London in 1903, called itself the ___________ ("minority", though they were actually numerically the majority) and aimed for the eventual overthrow of capitalism and tsarist rule.

A) Bolsheviks
B) Mensheviks
C) Quislings
D) Kulaks

Question 59

Following the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas II repudiated the concessions granted in the October Manifesto, especially:

A) A return to serfdom
B) An end to the war with Japan
C) An independent Duma
D) A pledge to abdicate within five years

Question 60

________ was so impressed with Nikolai Chernyshevsky's novel What Is to Be Done? that he referred to it as one of the most influential books he had ever read and used the same title for one of his own treatises.

A) Vladimir Lenin
B) Joseph Stalin
C) Karl Marx
D) Leo Tolstoy