Deck 24: The Challenge of Modernity: East Asia, 1750-1910

Question 1

By the fall of 1894, a full-scale war over the fate of Korea and northeast Asia, called the _________ War, was under way.

A) Russo-Japanese
B) Tonghak
C) Sino-Japanese
D) Korean

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The novel _________, written by Cao Xueqin, is considered to be the greatest literary masterpiece of the Qing Era and is such a hallmark of Chinese vernacular literature that there is an entire field of "red studies" or "redology" devoted entirely to the examination of the work.

A) Journey to the West in a Red Vase
B) Romance of the Three Kingdoms
C) Water Margins
D) The Dream of the Red Chamber

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The severity of peace provisions after 1895 signaled to the Western powers in East Asia that China was now weak enough to have massive economic and territorial demands forced on it and led to a _________ in which not just Japan, but also France, Great Britain, Russia, and Germany all made known their own territorial demands on China.

A) "race for China"
B) "the three R's reaction, reform, and revolution"
C) "partition of China"
D) "race for concessions"

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Much of Ito's Constitution was aimed at preserving the traditions of Japan's Confucian society, chief among them the concept of kokutai, or _________, reflecting Japan's unique unbroken line of emperors and their familial and spiritual bond and the Japanese people.

A) "national pride"
B) "national polity"
C) "republicanism"
D) "ethnocentrism"

Question 5

As a result of the Second Opium War, Qing China was forced to abide by all but one of the following:

A) opening of a dozen ports to foreign trade
B) reduction of extraterritoriality privileges
C) recognition of opium as a legal commodity
D) establishing of foreign embassies in the capital city of Beijing

Question 6

The movement's new regime moved to the Tokugawa capital of _________ and renamed it Tokyo.

A) Edo
B) Chiba
C) Osaka
D) Nagoya

Question 7

In 1899, at the behest of United States Secretary of State John Hay, European powers were persuaded to refrain from securing exclusive concessions and, instead, to maintain a(n) _________ policy for all.

A) "Closed Door"
B) "Self-strengthening"
C) "Open Door"
D) "Amnesty"

Question 8

New Emperor Mutsuhito's Japan sought to make good on its promise and took on the name of Meiji, meaning _________, and launched a series of progressive reforms aimed at strengthening imperial rule, as exemplified by the issuing of the Charter Oath of 1868.

A) "Samurai Rule"
B) "Bushido Rule"
C) "Enlightened Rule"
D) "Reform Rule"

Question 9

In the aftermath of losing the war, a group of young Chinese officials pushed for a series of widespread reforms aimed at completely revamping China's government and many of its leading institutions in what became known as the _________.

A) Chinese Reformation
B) "Race for Concessions"
C) "Race for China Reform"
D) "Hundred Days of Reform"

Question 10

Beginning in the fall of 1839, the hostilities between China and Great Britain exposed the growing gap between the military capabilities of industrializing Western nations and those like China, whose armed forces _________.

A) were in a state of readiness
B) were technologically up-to-date
C) had fallen into disuse
D) were superior in tactical logistics

Question 11

This movement's slogan, Sonno joi, meant:

A) "Honor the Daimyo, expel the barbarian!"
B) "Honor the emperor, expel the barbarian!"
C) "Honor the Han, expel the Emperor!"
D) "Honor the Emperor, expel the Han and the Daiymo!"

Question 12

Two major political parties rose to prominence in Japan by the turn of the turn of the twentieth century, the Kenseito, or Liberal, Party (later re-established as the Minseito), and the more powerful Seiyukai, or _________.

A) Constitutional Government Party
B) Labor Party
C) Institutional Revolutionary Party
D) Party of the Democratic Revolution

Question 13

The Treaty of _________, which put an end to the first of the Opium Wars, marked the first of the century's "unequal treaties" that would be imposed throughout east Asia by European powers in order to open Chinese ports to foreign trade.

A) Nanjing
B) Zhoushan
C) Xiamen
D) Quanzhou

Question 14

_________ was the term used by the Japanese to refer to the Western ships arriving on Japanese waters, such as Commodore Perry's fleets in 1853 and 1854.

A) "Black Ships"
B) "Dutch Learning"
C) "White Ships"
D) "Western Ships"

Question 15

Another policy imposed by the British was that of _________, the loss by a country of its right to set its own tariffs.

A) tariff avoidance right
B) nontariff sanctuary
C) nontariff autonomy
D) tariff forgiveness

Question 16

Which of the following factors did not shape Japan's pursuit of an overseas empire?

A) the Tokugawa shogunate's desire for contact with Western culture
B) vastly expanded legitimate foreign trade with China into and out of Shanghai and its proximity to Japan
C) rapid growth of the whaling industry in the North Pacific brought Western ships into contact with Japanese ships and port cities
D) the United States gaining control over the Pacific Coast of North America and the American West, both of which opened the door to increasing Asian migration and human trafficking.

Question 17

As a result of the Empress Dowager having openly lent her support to the Boxers movement through secret negotiations and having consequently declared war on all the foreign powers in China, _________ and a multi-national relief force led by the Germans and British and largely manned by the Japanese was quickly assembled which also included units from all countries with interests in China.

A) civil war broke out across Southern China
B) civil war broke out across Northern China
C) civil war broke out across Eastern China
D) civil war broke out across Western China

Question 18

After the forced suicide of Taiping leader Hong Xiuquan and the end of his movement in 1864, Chinese leaders began to move toward a reform strategy of what a later slogan called:

A) "socialism with Chinese characteristics"
B) "Chinese studies for the essence; Western studies for the practical application"
C) "the harmonious society"
D) "the three R's reaction, reform, and revolution"

Question 19

By the end of the nineteenth century, Japan's economy had developed a number of successful zaibatsu or _________ in order to control or monopolize an industry, with the military and transportation industries being prime examples.

A) merchants
B) investors
C) economists
D) cartels

Question 20

While borrowing heavily from the United States and British models, Ito Hirobumi's Constitution drew most heavily from that of _________.

A) France
B) Spain
C) Germany
D) Italy

Question 21

The movement to bring about the ________ (taiping tianguo) on earth became known as the Taiping Rebellion and was headed by the former Confucian follower Hong Xiuquan.

A) Divine Kingdom of Great War
B) Renewed Kingdom of Great Imperial Power
C) Sacred Republic of the People
D) Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace

Question 22

The British imposed the policy of _________, or immunity of a country's nationals from the laws of their host country, on the newly open ports on the Chinese mainland.

A) mixed courts
B) extraterritoriality
C) amnesty
D) sovereignty

Question 23

In later treaties signed by China with France and the United States, an important addition was the most-favored nation clause, which stated that:

A) any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who by treaty were "most-favored nations."
B) no new concessions could be granted to any country which was not already a "most-favored nation."
C) any new concessions granted to one country could not automatically revert to those who by treaty were "most-favored nations."
D) no new concessions could be granted to those who by treaty were "most-favored nations."

Question 24

By the end of the eighteenth century, the illegal trade in _________, or "foreign mud," constituted the most profitable import commodity in China, especially around the area of Guangzhou (Canton).

A) coal
B) tobacco
C) spice
D) opium

Question 25

The Treaty of _________ between Commodore Matthew The Treaty of _________ between Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States and the Tokugawa shogunate in 1854 was Japan's first with an outside power and ushered the nation into the "treaty port" era with the opening of ports such as Yokohama and Nagasaki, thereby ending Japan's policy of seclusion.

A) Augin
B) Tientsin
C) Fujikawa
D) Kanagawa

Question 26

The Boxer Rebellion came about as a result of the anti-Qing and anti-foreign plots of a group known as the _________, also known as the "Boxers" on account of their ritual exercises.

A) Society of the Harmonious Fists
B) Society of the Fighting Fists
C) Society of the Heroic Fists
D) Society of the Fists

Question 27

In order to stem the tide of Western encroachment and influence, a growing number of Chinese officials advocated a policy of _________, whose two most prominent advocates were Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan.

A) a harmonious society
B) passive Confucianism
C) passivism
D) self-strengthening

Question 28

Which of the following was not a Meiji regime economic reform?

A) keeping tight regulatory controls over Japanese private enterprise
B) insuring that ownership would remain in Japanese hands
C) following the Western pattern of developing and diversifying exports as much as possible
D) fostering commercial entrepreneurship among former samurai

Question 29

While Western powers wished for Qing China to become a more stable trade and diplomatic partner, the Chinese were primarily concerned with _________.

A) the spread of Confucianism
B) expanding the marketing of opium
C) suppressing both the Taipings and the control by foreigners
D) the spread of communism

Question 30

A backlash against the foreign presence in Japan, resulting from the "treaty port" era of exposure to Western powers, led to the creation of an anti-foreigner movement aimed at driving out the Tokugawa and _________ had coalesced around the samurai of two southern domains, Satsuma and Choshu, the so-called "Satcho clique."

A) creating a nation-state
B) restoring the feudal han
C) restoring imperial rule
D) restoring the daimyo

Question 31

Among other provisions, the Treaty of Shimonoseki:

A) Imposed a crushing indemnity, payable by the Japanese to the Qing.
B) Allowed the Japanese to annex Taiwan.
C) Made Korea an independent state, and buffer zone between Japan and China.
D) Was designed to be a temporary armistice, and war resumed the following year.

Question 32

Recent scholarship has shown that China's economy:

A) Was closed off from the West and was draining the West of its silver.
B) Was suffering from excessive adherence to a blend protectionism and mercantilism.
C) Was supporting much of the interconnected Eurasian commercial system.
D) Was benefitting from a huge trade imbalance with Europe.

Question 33

As the trade in "foreign mud" (opium) began, heavily armed ships would unload their cargo of opium on small, sparsely inhabited offshore islands, from which:

A) Chinese officials like Lin Zexu would seize and destroy the product before it could reach a domestic market
B) British gunboats could be loaded up with excess opium, for transport to Britain.
C) The product would be consumed in raucous parties and rarely reach the mainland.
D) Middlemen picked up the drug and made their rounds on the mainland.

Question 34

Lin Zexu confiscated 20,000 chests of opium, publicly treated the product with ______ and water and flushed the resulting mess into the sea at Canton.

A) Lime
B) Smoke
C) Silver
D) Mercury

Question 35

The Chinese signed treaties with France and the US, conceding in a clause that any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who were "__________ nations."

A) Lucky
B) Blessed by the Emperor
C) Most-favored
D) Imperialist

Question 36

After China's failure against the British in 1840, Lin Zexu and other officials argued that China, at the very least, needed the same kind of __________.

A) Queen
B) Naval ships
C) Economic policies
D) High-quality opium

Question 37

After he had __________ and suffered a nervous breakdown, Hong Xiuquan came to believe that he was Christ's younger brother.

A) Overdosed on morphine
B) Converted to Catholicism
C) Helped Lin Zexu destroy the "foreign mud"
D) Failed his civil service examination for the third time

Question 38

The French, who considered themselves the ______, joined with the British in a war to force a new treaty upon the Chinese government in Beijing.

A) Principal upholders of the notion of a "civilizing mission"
B) Protectors of Catholic missionaries in the area
C) Trustees of the vision of world unity that had animated Napoleon
D) Best and most lucrative purveyors of opium

Question 39

The Emperor's brother Prince Gong remarked to the British ambassador, "_______ and you will be welcome."

A) Bring us your best-quality opium
B) Let us create a prototype of your Nemesis ship
C) Do what I and my mother, the empress dowager, tell you
D) Take away your opium and your missionaries

Question 40

One of the dangers some opponents to "self-strengthening" in Japan articulated was the:

A) Tendency to drop certain Japanese words and phrases in favor of American ones.
B) Inability to keep up the base of industrialization, barring a massive influx of fossil fuels.
C) Wearing of Western clothes in Japan, influenced the Westernization of students sent to study abroad.
D) Young women's ubiquitous use of sewing machines instead of sewing by hand.

Question 41

The war between China and Japan over control of _________ graphically exposed the problems of China's self-strengthening efforts.

A) Newspapers
B) Korea
C) The Kurule Islands
D) The opium trade

Question 42

Much of the resistance to the Emperor _________'s "hundred days' reform" program, issued in a flurry of edicts in 1898, was centered on the empress dowager.

A) Qianlong
B) Li Hongzhang
C) Guangxu
D) Kang

Question 43

Throughout northern China, Boxer units hunted down and killed Western missionaries and ___________.

A) Chinese Christians
B) Military unit commanders
C) Rival schools in the martial arts
D) Collaborators with the Japanese occupiers

Question 44

One of the positive outcomes of the Boxer Protocols of 1901 was that the US agreed to return its share of the indemnity money to China on the condition that:

A) It would allow a greater flow of Bibles into the country.
B) The Empress Cixi would surrender all of her claims to power.
C) It would not stand in the way of a long-term American conquest of Japan.
D) It would be used to send Chinese students to study in American institutions.

Question 45

Taking the slogan Sonno joi ("Honor the emperor, ________"), members of the "Satcho" clique challenged the shogunate and forced the Tokugawa to capitulate in 1867.

A) Despite his young age
B) The power of the rising sun
C) The dawn of a new day for Japan
D) Expel the barbarian

Question 46

Like the Chinese "self-strengtheners", Japanese senior advisors to the emperor sought to use new foreign technologies and institutions to strengthen the state ___________.

A) Against further foreign intrusion
B) Against a planned and coordinated Western invasion
C) Against the corrupting effects of an abandonment of religion in favor of science
D) Against the tendency to become dependent on drugs like opium

Question 47

One of the signs of the prominence of Cao Xueqin's novel The Dream of the Red Chamber is:

A) The fact that it is the most repeated in Chinese graphic novels.
B) Its quick and long-lasting translation into Western languages in the 18th century.
C) That an entire field of scholarship on the book is called "red studies" or "redology".
D) That its characters' names are reflected in the highest echelons of today's Community Party.

Question 48

All of the rights of Japanese subjects set out in the Meiji Constitution's 15 articles are:

A) Applicable to members of the royal family only.
B) Enshrined in the notion that free speech is always to be allowed.
C) Limited to those who pledge to worship the Meiji Emperor as a god.
D) Qualified by such praises as "unless provided by law".

Question 49

By the 1880s, a university system anchored by Tokyo Imperial University was offering courses in all of the following areas except:

A) Engineering
B) Haiku
C) Medicine
D) Geology

Question 50

Kabuki theater was altered in the Meiji period by now:

A) Taking place only indoors, to protect the actors' skin from sunlight.
B) Being attended by the emperor or one of his representatives; otherwise a play could not be presented.
C) Often having female actors playing female parts.
D) Banning contemporary themes, favoring historical dramas that reinforced "self-strengthening" philosophy.

Question 51

The Japanese occupation of Manchuria's Liaodong Peninsula in the 1890s was opposed by the Triple Intervention, an alliance of all of the following European countries except:

A) Great Britain
B) Germany
C) Russia
D) France

Question 52

A ________ sect called the White Lotus sparked a rebellion against the Qing soon after the Qianlong emperor stepped down from his throne in 1795.

A) Confucian
B) Ming
C) Buddhist
D) Manchu

Question 53

The power of opium to suppress pain and hunger made it particularly attractive to the ____________ inhabitants of south China.

A) Non-native and temporary
B) Wealthy and socially aspiring
C) Middle-class and medically-trained
D) Poor and ordinary

Question 54

The Treaty of ______ between the Chinese and the British in 1842 marked the first of the century's "unequal treaties" that would be imposed throughout east Asia by European powers.

A) Guangzhou
B) Nanjing
C) Shanghai
D) Tianjin

Question 55

Through a treaty, the British imposed the policy of _________, by which their subjects who were accused of violating Chinese laws would be tried and punished by British consuls.

A) Nontariff autonomy
B) Diplomatic immunity
C) Supernationality
D) Extraterritoriality

Question 56

The ________ Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan and his Christian-influenced declarations, began in 1851.

A) Arrow
B) Qingdao
C) Taiping
D) Tonghak

Question 57

As a result of a British and French raid on Beijing in 1860, a newly created Chinese board, the Zongli Yamen, was to handle Qing ________, and the Chinese were invited to send their own ambassadors abroad.

A) Foreign relations
B) Naval development
C) Opium importation
D) Economic policy

Question 58

The two key terms in the popular Chinese self-strengthening formulation Zhongxue wei ti and Xixue wei yong meant "Chinese studies for the essence" and "Western studies for the __________."

A) Future of China
B) Dutch science in Japan
C) Practical application
D) Resistance to foreigners

Question 59

With the ascension of the infant Guangxu as emperor in 1874 came the regency of Empress Dowager _________.

A) Wu
B) Cixi
C) Mu
D) Mao

Question 60

In 1899, _________, the US secretary of state, circulated a note suggesting that all powers remain committed to an "open door" to trade in China.

A) Henry Adams
B) Elihu Root
C) Theodore Roosevelt
D) John Hay

Question 61

An anti-Qing and anti-foreign group calling itself the Society of the _________ Fists was referred to as "Boxers" by the foreign community in China

A) Subaltern
B) Eastern
C) Harmonious
D) Victorious

Question 62

The commander of an American fleet, Matthew The commander of an American fleet, Matthew C. _________, arrived in Japan in July 1853, deliberately attempting to impress the Japanese with Western technological might.

A) Pinkerton
B) Dewey
C) Pershing
D) Perry

Question 63

In April ________ the new Emperor Meiji issued a "charter oath" in which he renounced, at least officially, the restrictive measures of the past.

A) 1868
B) 1854
C) 1885
D) 1905

Question 64

The Tonghak, or "_________", movement kept the Korean peninsula a volatile one in the 19th century, inspiring peasant rebellions in 1810 and 1860.

A) Power to the People
B) Expel the Japanese
C) Eastern learning
D) Brother of Jesus

Question 65

Living on the edge of poverty in many areas, with old trade routes and handicrafts disrupted by the treaty ports, many _______ saw in the Taipings, the Nian, and other local rebellions a desperate way to change their situations.

A) Opium dealers
B) Cohong members
C) Members of the Hakka minority
D) Peasants

Question 66

The most prominent of the ___________, which emerged in the 1860s, was Shenbao.

A) Chinese-language newspapers
B) Chinese-language novels
C) Scientific journals
D) Protestant missionary tracts

Question 67

The Mitsubishi Company expanded from ________ to manufacturing, profiting from the encouragement by the Japanese government of zaibatsu, or cartels.

A) Sake brewing operations
B) Rice production
C) Coastal shipping
D) Crafting of samurai armor

Question 68

The _________ Constitution was promulgated in 1889 and remained in force in Japan until it was supplanted by a constitution composed by Allied occupation forces after World War II.

A) Daimyo
B) Sukiyaki
C) Seiyukai
D) Meiji

Question 69

Even before the Meiji Restoration, Japan had one of the highest levels of preindustrial literacy in the world, _______ percent for males and 15 percent for females.

A) 20
B) 40
C) 10
D) 60

Question 70

The culmination of the trend to incorporate Western models into the Japanese _____________ was Natsume Soseki's Kokoro (1914).

A) Theater
B) Newspaper
C) Novel
D) Epic poem