Deck 23: Creoles and Caudillos: Latin America in the Nineteenth Century, 1790-1917

Question 1

By 1800, the viceroyalty of La Plata, with the rising port of _________, had grown through contraband trade with Great Britain.

A) Rio de Janeiro
B) Buenos Aires
C) Caracas
D) Valparaiso

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Simón Bolívar's "Gran Colombia" encompassed the modern states of _______________.

A) Belize, Haiti, Colombia, and Venezuela
B) Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama
C) Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela
D) None of these

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The proclamation of a Brazilian republic resulted in which two political constituencies?

A) Provincial federalism vs. militaristic nationalism
B) Monarchical supporters vs. provincial federalism
C) Provincial federalism vs. supporters of a strong central presidency
D) None of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The ____________ was the site of the showdown between Mexican forces and Texans intent on independence.

A) Mexican War
B) Alamo
C) Rio Grande
D) Veracruz

Question 5

Some 235,000 _________ "coolies" were brought to Peru, Cuba, and Costa Rica, working in silver mines, sugar and cotton plantations, and later on railroads-and only about 10% of them returned home.

A) Vietnamese
B) Chinese
C) Indian
D) Kenyan

Question 6

Who launched the movement for independence in New Spain (modern Mexico)?

A) Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
B) Joseph Bonaparte
C) King Fernando VII
D) Antonio López de Santa Anna

Question 7

_____________ was coined to refer to politically unstable and economically poor Latin American countries.

A) Caudillos
B) Chicles
C) Pardos
D) Banana republics

Question 8

______________ ended slavery in Brazil in 1888.

A) The central government
B) British warships
C) The creation of an anti-slavery republic
D) A shift from sugar to coffee production

Question 9

___________ is the right to name bishops.

A) Patronato
B) Quilombos
C) mit'a
D) kuli

Question 10

The Monroe Doctrine stated that…

A) the United States government would not tolerate European attempts to re-colonize the new republics of the western hemisphere.
B) it was an article of faith that the U.S. should be the dominant power on the continent and should accordingly control it from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
C) the slave trade should be abolished in newly gained territories
D) none of these

Question 11

Spanish colonialism in Latin America finally ended in which of the following decades?

A) 1810s
B) 1820s
C) 1850s
D) 1910s

Question 12

_______________ was a European-backed emperor of Mexico from 1864-1867.

A) Maximilian
B) Benito Juárez
C) Louis-Napoleon III Bonaparte
D) Porfirio Díaz

Question 13

______________ virtually ended the importation of slaves to Brazil.

A) The central government
B) British warships
C) The creation of an anti-slavery republic
D) A shift from sugar to coffee production

Question 14

Independence and the end of Spanish rule initially benefited which Latin American trading partner the most?

A) The United States
B) France
C) Great Britain
D) Portugal

Question 15

Under the leadership of _______________, the Mexican Revolution was ended late in 1920.

A) Emiliano Zapata
B) José Manuel Balmaceda
C) Pancho Villa
D) Álvaro Obregón

Question 16

In the five years after the abolition of slavery, the Brazilian economy _____________.

A) collapsed
B) completely changed direction
C) slowed substantially
D) expanded

Question 17

Generally speaking, the 19th century Latin American economy revolved around _______.

A) imports
B) services
C) exports
D) manufacturing

Question 18

The ambitious plans of Chile's president José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández fell apart as soon as 1891, due to:

A) The absence in the country of critical minerals like nitrate.
B) The faltering pace of industrialization in the late 19th century, particularly in Germany and the United States.
C) A coup against him, led by conservative landowners, and his subsequent suicide.
D) An abrupt military intervention spearheaded by the British navy.

Question 19

When did slavery end in Brazil?

A) 1853
B) 1865
C) 1804
D) 1888

Question 20

Despite many diverging interests, Argentina and Brazil were allies in the Paraguayan War of 1864-1870

A) to maintain the traditional policy of keeping Paraguay and Uruguay weak
B) to preserve the institution of slavery
C) to maintain good relations with Britain, an important trading partner for both
D) to end the career of Francisco Solano López, whom they considered dangerous

Question 21

By 1810, when the first independence movements were formed in the viceroyalty of La Plata, the porteños were:

A) Creoles in the grasslands of interior Argentina and Uruguay who favored continued Spanish colonialism.
B) African slaves who were demanding an end to slavery and to colonialism.
C) Creoles living in Buenos Aires who favored independence from Spain.
D) Royalists who strove for independence from New Granada.

Question 22

The ______ loss of the War of the Pacific (1879-1884) resulted in the annexation of some of its territory and mines, together with the destruction wrought by the enemy's troops.

A) Peruvian
B) Bolivian
C) Chilean
D) Colombian

Question 23

Spurred by the development of European politics and influenced by waves of immigrants from Spain and Italy, two major urban opposition parties took shape in 1890s Argentina, the Radical Party and the __________.

A) Pro-Immigrants
B) Nativists
C) Caudillists
D) Socialists

Question 24

Simón Bolívar was deeply impressed in 1804 when he witnessed:

A) The British suppression of a slave revolt on Jamaica, about which he wrote a famous letter.
B) The coronation of Napoleon as emperor in Paris.
C) The visit of Emperor Toussaint Louverture to Rome, at the Pope's invitation.
D) The declaration of Gran Colombia's independence in Cartagena.

Question 25

A(n) _________ consortium had begun gigantic earth-moving work to build a Panama Canal in 1879, but as a result of landslides, flooding, tropical diseases, and engineering disputes, it finally went bankrupt in 1888.

A) British
B) American
C) French
D) Colombian

Question 26

In 1811, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla:

A) Marched on Mexico City and declared independence, but only for the mestizos.
B) Declared that he, and not Fernando VII, was the legitimate king of Spain, and recognized as such by Napoleon.
C) Was captured and executed by loyal Spanish forces.
D) Renounced Catholicism in favor of Enlightenment philosophy.

Question 27

During his short tenure as the Republic of Mexico's second president, in 1829, Vicente Guerrero:

A) Agreed to yield power to a military uprising and then went into voluntary exile.
B) Overcame doubts to the effect that his mother was not actually a Creole.
C) Reconquered El Salvador as a Mexican dependency.
D) Officially abolished slavery.

Question 28

As a result of Mexico's defeat by the US in 1848, Santa Anna was forced to surrender everything north of the Rio Grande and Gila Rivers, in exchange for 18 million dollars and ___________.

A) A promise of protection from further Comanche raids on Mexico.
B) A promise never to declare on Mexico again.
C) A percentage of the gold deposits that had been discovered in California.
D) Water rights in the border lands around El Paso.

Question 29

By the early 1900s, virtually the only supporters of Porfirio Díaz were:

A) Working-class miners and factory laborers, who were opposed to socialism.
B) Urban middle-class professionals, who endorsed his adoption of American business practices.
C) Village peasants and campesinos, who appreciated his Catholic piety.
D) Technocrat administrators, the científicos, who were aging themselves.

Question 30

When they entered Mexico City in 1915, Álvaro Obregón and his Constitutionalists were:

A) Determined to implement Pancho Villa's land reforms beyond northern Mexico.
B) Opposed to Emiliano Zapata's land redistribution policy.
C) Told by President Wilson of the US to eliminate dangerous revolutionaries like Venustiano Carranza
D) Hoping to reunite Costa Rica and Honduras to Mexico through an ongoing revolution.

Question 31

The constitution introduced by Dom Pedro I of Brazil in 1823:

A) Limited monarchical rule and endorsed the powers of the planter elite.
B) Prevented the abdication of the monarch and any further contact with Portugal.
C) Concentrated powers in the emperor's hands.
D) Left appointments of government ministers to the Cardinal of Rio de Janeiro.

Question 32

When the _________ in 1849 authorized warships to enter Brazilian waters to intercept slave ships, the importation of slaves virtually ceased.

A) Americans
B) Portuguese
C) Argentinians
D) British

Question 33

No fewer than a dozen quilombo (_________) revolts occurred in Brazil's Bahia during 1807-1828, revolts which militias found difficult to crush, given their conditions.

A) Movements inspired by Catholic priests
B) Sympathetic raids by Gran Colombian allies
C) Independent settlements in the interior
D) Small-scale and clan-centered

Question 34

Coffee, rubber, and sugar exports yielded high profits and taxes in Brazil until 1896, when:

A) A disease blighted coffee production worldwide.
B) Overproduction of coffee resulted in diminishing returns.
C) The regulated the sale of sugar through a state purchase scheme.
D) American agents from the Goodyear Company took over Brazilian production of rubber.

Question 35

When Latin American republics declared their independence, the Popes in Rome:

A) Refused to recognize their independence, concerned with the power of naming bishops.
B) Eagerly recognized their independence and attempted to solidify gains among mestizo groups.
C) Were reluctant to endorse these movements, since they were mostly of Spanish extraction.
D) Connected the movement with the development of a capitalist industrial order, which they also supported.

Question 36

The economies of most Latin American nations, with the exception of Argentina and Peru, were characterized by a ___________ in the late 1800s.

A) Drive to incorporate chemicals and electricity, in order to industrialize fully
B) Stable and steadily rising cost of commodities like coffee
C) Successful trade war with American oligopolies, such as in banana production
D) Reliance on one commodity only and a lack of diversification

Question 37

Contrary to expectations, wages for laborers in Latin America ____________ in the 1800s.

A) Rose sharply, contributing to a high inflation rate in many countries.
B) Remained low, because ethnic discrimination and racism trumped market conditions.
C) Fluctuated, given the difficulties of securing sufficient coolie labor for growing businesses.
D) Rose for mestizos and Creoles, making it difficult for European immigrants to establish a foothold in the economy.

Question 38

In __________, nearly one-third of the population consisted of immigrants, a share much higher than at any time in the United States.

A) Mexico
B) Cuba
C) Brazil
D) Argentina

Question 39

In urban areas, ________ frequently ran shops, managed markets, were proprietors of cantinas, and performed a host of skilled and unskilled jobs, particularly in the textile and food trades.

A) Women
B) Italian immigrants
C) Mestizos
D) Coolies

Question 40

The ambitious plans of Chile's president José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández fell apart as soon as 1891, due to:

A) The absence in the country of critical minerals like nitrate.
B) The faltering pace of industrialization in the late 19th century, particularly in Germany and the United States.
C) A coup against him, led by conservative landowners, and his subsequent suicide.
D) An abrupt military intervention spearheaded by the British navy.

Question 41

Juana Azurduy de Padilla played an instrumental role in the establishment of the nation of ________.

A) Mexico
B) Paraguay
C) Bolivia
D) Ecuador

Question 42

By 1800, the viceroyalty of La Plata, with the rising port of _________, had grown through contraband trade with Great Britain.

A) Rio de Janeiro
B) Buenos Aires
C) Caracas
D) Valparaiso

Question 43

José de San Martín trained the Army of the _______ and, with this army, liberated Chile from royalist forces in 1818.

A) Incas
B) Quechuas
C) Creoles
D) Andes

Question 44

In 1810, the New Granadans created juntas, or committees, among which the junta of _________ was the most important, and they drove the colonial Spaniards from their positions.

A) Panama
B) Jamaica
C) Quito
D) Cartagena

Question 45

The family of Simón Bolívar owned _______ plantations worked by African slaves and was engaged in colonial trade.

A) Coffee
B) Cacao
C) Banana
D) Sugar

Question 46

Spanish colonialism in Latin America finally ended when the last troops surrendered to Bolívar's forces in 1826, on an island off the ________ coast.

A) Venezuelan
B) Nicaraguan
C) Ecuadorean
D) Chilean

Question 47

Gran Colombia was divided in 1831 into its component parts, which included all of the following except:

A) Peru
B) Colombia
C) Venezuela
D) Ecuador

Question 48

Mexican independence came in 1821, with a compromise established in part by Vicente Guerrero, whose father was a(n) ________.

A) American (US) citizen
B) Mestizo
C) Creole of Basque descent
D) African slave

Question 49

Mexico refused to recognize Texan national independence, and the state of Texas entered the United States in ___________.

A) 1836
B) 1861
C) 1845
D) 1853

Question 50

The first Amerindian to accede to the office of President of Mexico was:

A) Antonio López de Santa Anna
B) Agustín de Iturbide
C) José Balmaceda
D) Benito Juárez

Question 51

The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, June 19, 1867, was painted by __________.

A) Édouard Manet
B) Eugène Delacroix
C) Pancho Villa
D) Venustiano Carranza

Question 52

Porfirio Díaz dominated the Mexican government between 1876 and 1880, and again between 1884 and ________.

A) 1891
B) 1911
C) 1901
D) 1915

Question 53

From his base of operations in _________, in south-central Mexico, Emiliano Zapata began to occupy sugar plantations and distribute plantation land to his campesinos (laborers and tenant farmers).

A) Chihuahua
B) Chiapas
C) Morelos
D) Yucatán

Question 54

In 1822, __________ proclaimed, "Independence or death!" thereby making Brazil an independent kingdom.

A) Dom Pedro II
B) Dom João VI
C) Dona Isabel
D) Dom Pedro I

Question 55

José Antonio Aponte, head of a Yoruba confraternity (cabilde) in __________, led an abortive revolt against Spanish control in 1812.

A) Havana
B) Bahia
C) Mexico City
D) Montevideo

Question 56

Slavery ended in Brazil in _________.

A) 1865
B) 1829
C) 1845
D) 1888

Question 57

Landowners of self-sufficient plantations in many parts of Latin America supported governmental ____________, the same kind of authoritarian and paternalistic form of action that they practiced on their estates.

A) Patronato
B) Mit'a
C) Caudillismo
D) Científicos

Question 58

Some 235,000 _________ "coolies" were brought to Peru, Cuba, and Costa Rica, working in silver mines, sugar and cotton plantations, and later on railroads-and only about 10% of them returned home.

A) Vietnamese
B) Chinese
C) Indian
D) Kenyan

Question 59

As a result of its winning the War of the Pacific (1879-1884), _________ gained access to rich nitrate deposits and mining cities.

A) Peru
B) Bolivia
C) Chile
D) Argentina

Question 60

The Paraguayan War of 1864-1870 resulted in the loss of _______ the Paraguayan population.

A) a quarter of
B) a third of
C) half
D) two-thirds of