Deck 16: Western European Overseas Expansion and the Ottoman-Habsburg Struggle, 1450-1650

Question 1

The Ottoman-Habsburg struggle of the sixteenth century can be seen as yet another chapter in the long history of competition that began when the _________ Empire expanded into the Mediterranean and was resisted by the Greeks in the middle of the first millennium B.C.E.

A) Neo-Babylonian
B) Neo-Assyrian
C) Sasanid Persian
D) Achaemenid Persian

Answer 1

D

Question 2

During the first three decades of the sixteenth century, which of the following was not a pressing issue plaguing Emperor Charles V?

A) revolts in his Iberian realms
B) Protestant Reformation in the German states
C) war with England
D) renewed war with France for control of Burgundy and Italy

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Bowing to the pressure of the Church and against the advice of some Christian landowners, the Crown opted for the expulsion of all moriscos from Spanish territories in 1580, although the actual expulsions would not begin until _______.

A) 1590
B) 1600
C) 1609
D) 1650

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The _________ was a particularly Portuguese or Spanish show trial in which the state, through the holy office of the Inquisition, judged a person's commitment to the Catholic faith.

A) Cantigas de Santa María
B) passion play
C) auto-da-fé
D) Mystery Play of Elx

Question 5

The following is one major difference between the Ottoman and the Spanish Habsburg Empires:

A) the cavalry ruling class of the Ottoman Empire was non-hereditary
B) the cavalry ruling class of the Ottoman Empire was hereditary
C) the Ottomans lacked a cavalry ruling class
D) the Spanish Habsburgs lacked a cavalry ruling class

Question 6

_________ was the stage of many royal and public celebrations in the city of Istanbul.

A) Leander's Tower
B) The Hippodrome
C) Hagia Sophia
D) The Prison of Anemas

Question 7

Iberian Muslims were known as _________.

A) judíos
B) conversos
C) moriscos
D) marranos

Question 8

Under Sultan Süleyman I, the fiscal-military state of the Ottomans reached its apogee as the sultan was able to finance a massive expansion of the military and bureaucracy, which along with the ________ formed a centralized state.

A) clergy
B) royal household
C) legal system
D) educational system

Question 9

Both the Habsburgs and the Ottomans renewed the traditional Islamic-Christian imperialism which had characterized the period of 600-950 and which had given way to the Muslim and Christian commonwealths of _________.

A) 950-1450
B) 950-1500
C) 950-1700
D) 950-1800

Question 10

All told, some _________ moriscos would be expelled from Spain during the next five years.

A) 1,000,000
B) 300,000
C) 50,000
D) 100,000

Question 11

The Ottomans and the _________ dominated Islamic civilization in the early modern period of 1450-1600.

A) Safavids
B) Songhay
C) Egyptian Mamluks
D) Indian Mughals

Question 12

Since the Portuguese had pioneered a direct route from Europe to India via Africa, the _________ became another front of confrontation between Christians and Muslims in the race to gain dominance over the lucrative spice trade.

A) Indian Ocean
B) Atlantic Ocean
C) South China Sea
D) English Channel

Question 13

Habsburg Spain enlarged its revenue from 1521 to 1536 via the royal _________ share of the Aztec and Inca gold and silver treasure to which it was entitled.

A) one-half
B) one-third
C) one-fourth
D) one-fifth

Question 14

The _________ Sarayi or "Palace of the Gun Gate," begun in 1459, incorporated a royal residence, an imperial administrative school for the training of bureaucrats, barracks for the troops of Janissaries, an armory and a hospital, and it became an object of both fear and fascination for the Sultan's subjects.

A) Topkapï
B) Aynalikavak
C) Dolmabahçe
D) Maslak

Question 15

In order to ensure the preservation and continuation of Habsburg global hegemony, Charles V decided to divide his western and eastern territories between his son Philip II and his brother _________.

A) Maximilian I
B) Philip I
C) Charles II
D) Ferdinand I

Question 16

The following kingdom was not inherited from his parents by Habsburg Emperor Charles V:

A) Naples
B) Hungary
C) Burgundy
D) Castile-Aragon

Question 17

A form of forced enslavement in direct contradiction to Islamic law, the _________ system was a levy on Christian boys in the Ottoman Empire by which the conquered Christian population was obligated to contribute adolescent males to join the military and administrative classes.

A) caste
B) millet
C) devshirme
D) Let do remarkably uniformity in language across the Americas from modern-day Canada to the southernmost tip of Chile.

Question 18

The naval Battle of _________ was the culminating victory of this Holy Christian League over the Ottoman Turks and one that would dangerously sap the Ottomans' supply of experienced naval manpower.

A) Preveza
B) Mohács
C) Djerba
D) Lepanto

Question 19

With the introduction of gunpowder and firearms, the fiscal-military states of the period starting around ________ became much more powerful enterprises which would, in turn, evolve into absolutist and ultimately national states.

A) 1200
B) 1450
C) 1600
D) 1800

Question 20

Philip II built the massive palatial complex of _________, incorporating a royal residence, a monastic school and a royal necropolis, a very short distance away from the then small provincial city of Madrid.

A) Aranjuez
B) Riofrío
C) La Granja
D) El Escorial

Question 21

The Spanish Habsburgs sought to overcome their lack of power over the _________ and the weakness of their Spanish tax base by squeezing as much as they could from their Italian, Flemish and New World possessions.

A) military
B) clergy
C) aristocracy
D) middle class

Question 22

The reduced military presence by both Habsburgs and Ottomans to safeguard their spice trade routes across East Africa, India and Southeast Asia paved the way for the ________ to ultimately overtake both Portugal and the Ottoman Turks as leaders in this trade.

A) Italians
B) French
C) Dutch
D) English

Question 23

_________ was forced to forge a threatening alliance with the Ottoman Turks in an attempt to fend off Habsburg territorial encroachment.

A) Portugal
B) Italy
C) England
D) France

Question 24

In an effort to deal a definitive blow to the Ottoman naval threat, the Holy Christian League was formed consisting of _________.

A) Spain, the Pope, Venice and Genoa
B) Spain, the Pope, Venice and Portugal
C) Spain, the Pope, Venice and England
D) Spain, the Pope, Genoa and Portugal

Question 25

The Spanish fiscal-military state reached its mature phase of centralization under the rule of:

A) Isabella and Ferdinand
B) Philip I
C) Charles V
D) Philip II

Question 26

In 1498, _________ reached India by way of Africa, becoming the first European to sail directly from Europe to India.

A) Vasco Da Gama
B) Ferdinand Magellan
C) Christopher Columbus
D) Bartolomeu Dias

Question 27

Governmental auction of the taxes in kind of a particular district to the highest bidder was known as _________.

A) tithe
B) tax-farming
C) timar
D) defter

Question 28

Their conquest of the Balkans made the Ottomans the owners of the largest precious metal production centers prior to the Spanish Habsburg acquisition of the _________ mines in the mid-1500s.

A) Mexican and Andean
B) Andean and Filipino
C) Andean and Caribbean
D) Mexican and Caribbean

Question 29

An early indicator of the significance of the money economy in the Ottoman Empire was the military institution of the _________, troops of conscripted Christian boys who received salaries from the central treasury.

A) Sipahis
B) Janissaries
C) Timariots
D) Akinci

Question 30

Which of the following was not a theater of confrontation in the Muslim-Christian struggle for dominance?

A) Indian Ocean
B) North Sea
C) Balkans
D) Western Mediterranean

Question 31

The apogee of the Ottoman Empire was reached under Sultan Süleyman I, also known as:

A) the Brave
B) the Merciful
C) the Magnificent
D) the Humble

Question 32

The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans was possible through the use of _________ bombardment.

A) lance
B) catapult
C) bow and arrow
D) cannon

Question 33

During the Reconquista, Iberian Christians sought to rid the peninsula of:

A) French rule
B) Muslim rule
C) Roman rule
D) Carthaginian rule

Question 34

_________ were autonomously-operating Christians or Muslims who pirated ships, confiscated their cargoes and held their crew and travelers for ransom.

A) Janissaries
B) riscos
C) Corsairs
D) Conversos

Question 35

After the sack of Rome in 1527, Leo Africanus (otherwise known as Al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan):

A) Was executed by the forces of Charles V.
B) Disappeared from Rome, and presumably returned to North Africa.
C) Compiled an Arabic-Hebrew-Latin dictionary for the new Pope Julius II
D) Served as translator for a Christian Crusader army in the Holy Land.

Question 36

The purpose of the Spanish Inquisition, as appointed by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1481, was to:

A) Ferret out any people whose beliefs were contrary to Church teachings.
B) Convert the Portuguese to Catholic belief.
C) Counteract a reappearance of bubonic plague in the Iberian Peninsula.
D) Convert the Taíno people that Columbus had discovered in the New World.

Question 37

The expulsion of the Jews from "Sefarad", as Spain was called in Hebrew, was designed:

A) To create a Jewish homeland in the Middle East.
B) To carry out the demands of the Emperor Charles V.
C) To strengthen the "Christian unity" of Iberia.
D) To prevent the conversion of Muslims to this form of monotheism.

Question 38

Ignorant of Hinduism when he arrived in India, Vasco da Gama mistook the Indian religion for:

A) The surviving remnants of the "Ten Lost Tribes" of Israel.
B) A variant of Islam that was practiced in Safavid Persia.
C) A form of proto-Christianity that had been spread by St. Thomas, Jesus's disciple.
D) The Christianity of "Prester John".

Question 39

When he gathered his clan and declared himself an independent ruler in 1299, the Turkish warlord Osman was nominally subject to the:

A) Pope Boniface VIII
B) Seljuks
C) Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos
D) Egyptian Mamluks

Question 40

The incursion of ______ into Ottoman territory bought time for the Byzantine emperors in the early fifteenth century.

A) Timur the Great
B) Mehmet II
C) Ivan the Terrible
D) The Yongle Emperor of China

Question 41

The _______ was a small and slender 60-foot-long ship with a stern rudder, square and lateen sails, and a magnetic compass (of Chinese origin).

A) Junk
B) Cog
C) Caravel
D) Roundship

Question 42

Constantine XI, the last Byzantine emperor, _________ after Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.

A) Was welcomed into Florence, where he led a group of Greek scholars.
B) Died in the general massacre and pillaging.
C) Married the daughter of Mehmet II and became an advisor to the sultan.
D) Converted to Islam.

Question 43

The Ottomans defeated the ____________ and took control of western Arabia, including the pilgrimage city of Mecca, in 1517.

A) Latin Crusaders
B) Assassins who had followed Saladin.
C) Mamluks
D) Seljuks

Question 44

A(n) __________ warrior organization called the Safavids proclaimed 14-year-old Ismail their Hidden Imam in 1501.

A) Ottoman
B) Moroccan
C) Sunni
D) Shiite

Question 45

The alliance between the Ottomans and the __________ horrified western Europe in 1534 because it indicated that the Ottoman Empire was a player in European politics.

A) French
B) Habsburgs
C) Papal States
D) English

Question 46

The Ottomans protected Muslim commercial interests in the Indian Ocean by, in part, strengthening the sultan of Aceh on the island of _________.

A) Ceylon
B) Madagascar
C) Sumatra
D) Timor

Question 47

Philip II was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1575 and sue for peace for the Ottomans in 1580 because:

A) The Armada he had sent to attack England had gone down in defeat.
B) He had decided to abdicate his throne in favor of his son Charles V.
C) He had failed to suppress a ruinously expensive rebellion in the Netherlands.
D) He had spent lavishly in his attempt to win the hand of Queen Mary I of England.

Question 48

When the moriscos were driven out of Spain in the early seventeenth century, they:

A) Were compensated by the crown for their losses of property and household items.
B) Were forced to leave behind an account of their farming techniques.
C) Were transported to the New World.
D) Were forced to leave all their possessions behind in Spain.

Question 49

The practice of the devșirme contradicted Islamic law, which:

A) Permitted only an imam to determine who could be executed for heresy.
B) Forbade the enslavement of "peoples of the Book".
C) Declared the use of firearms anathema.
D) Permitted the payment of taxes in products but never in cash.

Question 50

The Ottoman army carried all wages, gunpowder, weapons, and the majority of its food in its wagons and barges because:

A) The sultan feared that the converted Christian Janissaries would revert to their own religion.
B) The soldiers did not know how gunpowder worked, and they needed experts in the baggage train.
C) The force was rendered smaller and more mobile as a result of these precautions.
D) Soldiers were not permitted to provision themselves from the belongings of villagers.

Question 51

Unlike his counterparts like Isabella and Ferdinand, the Ottoman sultan:

A) Could prevent noble sons from inheriting lands from their fathers.
B) Was forced to provide a detailed account of his expenditure to a parliament of nobles.
C) Found a decentralized monarchy the most efficient-and safest-form of government.
D) Found his finances were precarious, even though he squeezed colonial holdings for revenue.

Question 52

The most original contribution of Sinan to Ottoman architecture was:

A) To adapt the dome-over-a-square concept from Roman designs.
B) To use stained glass and flying buttresses to distribute weight.
C) To incorporate pre-Islamic pyramids, in defiance of the strictures of Islamic law.
D) To use up to eight slender pillars as hidden internal supports of the dome.

Question 53

The outstanding painter of Spain during Philip II's reign was El Greco, who had received his early training in his native _____________.

A) Istanbul
B) Cyprus
C) Crete
D) Venice

Question 54

The framing device of Cervantes' Don Quixote, the figure of Cide Hamete Benengeli who chronicles the novel's 74 episodes, suggests that:

A) The narrator may be lying, since he is a perfidious Muslim.
B) As Don Quixote's wife, she has a reason to exaggerate his chivalrous behavior.
C) The giants Don Quixote claimed to see while tilting at windmills were, like Cide, real.
D) Sancho Panza may have been a double for this figure and the real narrator.

Question 55

After being kidnapped by Christian pirates, Al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan was baptized under the name of Pope _________.

A) Julius II
B) Alexander VI Borgia
C) Leo X
D) Paul II

Question 56

By the late 13th and early 14th centuries, native shipwrights and their teachers from Genoa teamed up in the port of _____________ to develop new ships suited to the stormy Atlantic.

A) Venice
B) Lisbon
C) Constantinople
D) Dublin

Question 57

An expedition sent out the Portuguese king ___________ the Navigator captured the city of Ceuta on the North African coast in 1415.

A) João
B) Pedro
C) Carlos
D) Henry

Question 58

The majority of the Jewish population in Granada was forced to emigrate by __________.

A) 1492
B) 1517
C) 1481
D) 1497

Question 59

After staying three months on the first Bahaman island he found, Christopher Columbus returned to Iberia with ________ and a small quantity of gold.

A) Medicinal plants to cure malaria
B) Syphilis
C) Seven captured Caribbean islanders
D) A potato

Question 60

In 1498, the king of Portugal sent Vasco da Gama on a voyage to __________.

A) South Africa
B) India
C) China
D) Mecca

Question 61

In the course of his 14th-century journeys, Ibn Battuta passed through western Anatolia and Constantinople and was impressed by the rising power of the ____________.

A) Byzantines
B) Arabs
C) Ottomans
D) Venetians

Question 62

Mehmet II besieged and conquered Constantinople within ________ in 1453.

A) One year
B) Two months
C) Six months
D) One week

Question 63

By the second half of the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was a vast multiethnic and multireligious state of some ______________ inhabitants.

A) 30 million
B) 5 million
C) 15 million
D) 50 million

Question 64

_________ inherited Habsburg territories throughout Europe and the Inca and Aztec Empires in the Americas when he became Emperor in 1516.

A) Vlad III Dracul
B) Philip II
C) Süleyman I "the Magnificent"
D) Charles V

Question 65

The Ottomans benefited from the trade of a new commodity, _____________, which was produced in Ethiopia and Yemen.

A) Sandalwood
B) Coffee
C) Tea
D) Oil

Question 66

Fought in the Eastern Mediterranean in 1571, the Christians won the Battle of _________ thanks to their superior naval tactics.

A) Trafalgar
B) Lepanto
C) Ragusa
D) Tripoli

Question 67

Toward the first half of the fifteenth century, the Ottoman sultans equipped their Janissaries with cannons and _________.

A) Korans
B) Greek fire
C) Muskets
D) Armored horses

Question 68

Under Süleyman "the Magnificent" most of the Janissaries were stationed in barracks in and near the _____________.

A) Topkapi Palace
B) Austrian border
C) Hagia Sophia
D) Shehzade Mosque

Question 69

The Karagöz was a:

A) Harem reserved to the Sultan
B) Tax-collector
C) Commander of the Janissaries
D) Shadow puppet theater

Question 70

The Shehzade and Süleymaniye mosques in Istanbul and the Selimiye mosque in Edirne were designed by __________.

A) Süleyman I
B) Sinan
C) Michelangelo
D) Devșirme

Question 71

The El Escorial palace complex was built by Juan Bautista de Toledo in _____________.

A) Rome
B) Toledo
C) Istanbul
D) Madrid

Question 72

"Auto-da-fé" means "act of faith" in the ___________ language.

A) Portuguese
B) Spanish
C) Italian
D) Latin

Question 73

Stationary theaters with stages, main floors, balconies, and boxes appeared in the main cities of Spain during the ________ century.

A) Seventeenth
B) Thirteenth
C) Sixteenth
D) Fourteenth

Question 74

In his preface, Cervantes claimed he had written Don Quixote of La Mancha to "ridicule the absurdity" of notions of ___________.

A) Religion
B) Chivalry
C) Misogyny
D) Windmill farming