Deck 11: Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Question 1

All of the following are true statements about spatial receptive fields, except.

A) sensory receptors respond more acutely to stimuli with specific orientation in space
B) spatial receptive fields are always fixed
C) the purpose of spatial receptive fields is to help us localize objects in space
D) spatial receptive fields can vary in size from a few mm to several feet
E) visual and somatosensory system neurons are especially sensitive to spatial receptive fields

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which statement best describes the orientation of the somatosensory cortex and the motor cortex with the two sides of the body?

A) sensory input from the left side of the body is conveyed to the right cerebral cortex, which also controls movement on the left side of the body
B) sensory input from the left side of the body is conveyed to the left cerebral cortex, which also controls movement on the left side of the body
C) sensory input from the left side of the body is conveyed to the right cerebral cortex, which also controls movement on the right side of the body
D) sensory input from the left side of the body is conveyed to the left cerebral cortex, which also controls movement on the right side of the body

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Sensory receptors in the face and mouth send projections through which nuclei in the spinal column?

A) ventral posterior nuclei
B) dorsal column nuclei
C) media leminiscus nuclei
D) principal trigeminal nuclei

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Explain using your knowledge of the distribution of touch sensors in sensory neurons in the skin that relay information to the somatosensory cortex why applying bug repellant to certain areas of your body might be more important than others.

Question 5

An 86 year-old woman has a massive stroke on the left side of her cerebral cortex. Which of the following symptoms might she experience?

A) sensation on the left side of her body would be impaired, and she would have problems making voluntary movements on the left side of her body.
B) she might have problems making voluntary movements on the right side of his body, though sensation on both sides would be normal
C) she might have problems with sensation on the left side, but sensation on the right would be normal
D) she would experience difficulty with voluntary movements on the right side of her body and would have abnormal sensation on her right side as well.

Question 6

Penfield's somatosensory homunculus shows that the __________receives the greatest representation in the primary somatosensory cortex.

A) eyes
B) fingers
C) tongue
D) genitals
E) lips

Question 7

Compare the changes in visual perception in a person that has a lesion in their visual cortex after a stroke to someone who has lost visual input from the center of their visual field.

Question 8

What is a potential consequence of lesions to S1 of a rat's barrel cortex?

A) the rat may appear to be "night blind"
B) the rat may not respond to gentle pressure on the hindlimbs
C) the rat may lose it's ability to navigate a maze
D) the rat may not respond to stimuli on the whiskers
E) all of the above

Question 9

Match the following anatomical locations labeled a-d in the diagram above with their correct name and function.
-_____optic chiasm, crosses information from the two optic cranial nerves

Question 10

Match the following anatomical locations labeled a-d in the diagram above with their correct name and function.
-_____visual cortex (V1), site where visual stimuli is integrated into conscious visual perception

Question 11

Match the following anatomical locations labeled a-d in the diagram above with their correct name and function.
-_____laternal geniculate nucleus (LGN), necessary for projection of visual information to V1

Question 12

Match the following anatomical locations labeled a-d in the diagram above with their correct name and function.
-_____superior colliculus, plays a major role in eye movements

Question 13

In the visual projection pathway of humans, the geniculocortical pathway projects

A) from one eye directly to the primary visual cortex.
B) to the lateral geniculate nucleus within the primary visual cortex.
C) to the primary visual cortex and then to the lateral geniculate nucleus.
D) from one eye to the lateral geniculate nucleus and then to the primary visual cortex.
E) none of the above

Question 14

Explain how damage to the left primary visual cortex would affect visual perception. Use the terms nasal retina, temporal retina, contralateral, ipsilateral, visual hemifield, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex in your answer.

Question 15

A shard of metal embedded into the retina of a welder renders her completely blind in her right eye. Which of the following might be consequences for her visual perception?

A) complete inability to see images outside of the visual field of the left eye
B) blind spots and impairment of depth perception
C) complete loss of balance and proprioception
D) loss of all neuronal activity in the left LGN
E) all of the above

Question 16

All of the following are caveats to the principles of the canonical cortical circuit, except

A) thalamic inputs to the cortical circuit are not all sequentially ordered
B) the thickness of cortical layers is varied
C) inhibitory interneurons are numerous in the neocortex
D) there are multiple neurotransmitter types utilized by pyramidal neurons in the neocortex
E) some layers of the layered cortical circuit are very thin or missing altogether in the prefrontal cortex

Question 17

Auditory stimuli is localized in space primarily due to_______________.

A) the location of hair cells on the cochlea
B) the directionality of bending of hair cells on the cochlea
C) activity in the somatosensory cortex
D) activity in the visual cortex
E) activity in the auditory cortex

Question 18

Low frequency sounds are localized using __________ while high frequency sounds rely more on ____________.

Question 19

In what direction in the x (left to right), y (front to back), z (up and down) plane do humans most acutely perceive sound and why?

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct ordering of the projections from the mechanoreceptors in the hair cells on the right cochlea?

A) right cochlear nucleus $\rightarrow$ right lateral superior olivary (LSO) $\rightarrow$ left medial superior olive (MSO) $\rightarrow$ left medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MTNB)
B) right cochlear nucleus $\rightarrow$ right lateral superior olivary (LSO) $\rightarrow$ left and right medial superior olive (MSO) $\rightarrow$ left medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MTNB)
C) right cochlear nucleus $\rightarrow$ left and right medial superior olive (MSO) $\rightarrow$ left lateral superior olivary (LSO) $\rightarrow$ right medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MTNB)
D) right cochlear nucleus $\rightarrow$ left lateral superior olivary (LSO) $\rightarrow$ right medial superior olive (MSO) $\rightarrow$ right medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MTNB)
E) right cochlear nucleus $\rightarrow$ right lateral superior olivary (LSO) $\rightarrow$ left medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MTNB) $\rightarrow$ left and right medial superior olive (MSO)

Question 21

Unilateral lesion to the lateral superior olive might result in which of the following to auditory perception?

A) the distance of a low frequency sound might be severely dampened or imperceptible
B) the distance of a high frequency sound might be dampened or imperceptible but only if it is coming from the same direction as the lesioned side
C) the distance of a high frequency sound might be dampened or imperceptible but only if it is coming from the opposite direction as the lesioned side
D) the distance of a high frequency sound might be dampened or imperceptible
E) none of the above, auditory perception would be unchanged

Question 22

Refer to figure 11.15, In the text which of the following is true about sound source coding in a barn owl versus a mammal?

A) Individual neurons in the inferior colliculus of a barn owl have firing rates that are mapped to specific locations in space.
B) The firing rates of neurons in the inferior colliculus of barn owls is much faster than that of mammals.
C) Large populations of neurons fire in response to stimuli located in specific locations in space in the barn own.
D) The auditory cortex of a barn owl has more projections from the inferior colliculus than a mammal.

Question 23

A 40-year-old patient describes an inability to determine where sound is localized, but her hearing is otherwise normal. Which of the following structures would NOT be the location of a lesion causing this symptom?

A) medial geniculate nucleus
B) superior colliculus
C) cochlear nucleus
D) lateral lemniscus
E) auditory cortex

Question 24

The tonotopic map in the auditory cortex is similar to the somatotopic map in the somatosensory cortex in that

A) The locations of sound and touch are both represented by specific parts of these cortical areas
B) Specific stimuli map to specific cortical regions
C) Certain regions in space, such as in front of the head, are overrepresented in the somatosensory and auditory cortex
D) They are the only known examples of spatial mapping in the nervous system
E) all of the above are true

Question 25

Which of the following statements is false regarding the circuitry of auditory perception?

A) the medial superior olive is responsible for detecting interaural time differences
B) at low frequencies, interaural time differences are used for sound localization in the horizontal plane
C) the lateral superior olive is responsible for detecting interaural level differences
D) at high frequencies, interaural level differences are used for sound localization in
The horizontal plane
E) the auditory portion of the vestibulocochear nerve axons terminate in the inferior colliculus

Question 26

Explain how intraural level differences and intraural time differences are integrated in the auditory cortex of humans to perceive the orientation of sound in space.

Question 27

Central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) affects about 5% of school-aged children, ages 5-15. These kids typically show no deficit in hearing as assessed by normal responses to individual sounds delivered in a sound-proof room. Symptoms include being unusually distracted by loud noises, inability to recognize differences in sounds between words especially with background noise. Explain what auditory processing deficit might explain this disorder.

Question 28

Compare the somatosensory, visual, and auditory cortex in terms of the neural pathways that lead to the perception of mechanical touch, visual, and auditory information from sensory neurons in each system.

Question 29

Human hearing is most acute when sound is coming from the _______________.

Question 30

Which of the following is the most important feature to the barn owl's unique ability to locate a mouse moving through rustling leaves in the dark.

A) The ability to preferentially use either the right or left ear.
B) The unique mapping of specific neurons in the inferior colliculus.
C) The slight upward orientation of the owl's right ear and downward orientation of the left ear.
D) b and c only
E) a-c

Question 31

All of the following are considered moveable sensor arrays, except.

A) moving your eye position to the place of stimulus
B) moving your head position to the place of stimulus
C) moving your body position to the place of stimulus
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 32

Which of the following statements best describes how spatial coordinate transformations localize where a visual stimulus is originating?

A) eye-centered coordinates are established by neurons in the retina, which integrate this information with the position of the eyes for head-centered coordinates, and body-centered coordinates add additional information about the body position relative to the eyes and head
B) head-centered coordinates are established by neurons in the retina, which integrate this information with the position of the eyes for eye-centered coordinates, and world-centered coordinates add additional information about the body position relative to the eyes and head
C) eye-centered coordinates are established by neurons in the retina, which integrate this information with the position of the eyes for head-centered coordinates, and world-centered coordinates add additional information about the body position relative to the eyes and head
D) head-centered coordinates are established by neurons in the retina, which integrate this information with the position of the eyes for eye-centered coordinates, and body-centered coordinates add additional information about the body position relative to the eyes and head

Question 33

Which of the following statements are true of a neuron that codes space in eye-centered coordinates?

A) it is stays active and stable in a spatial receptive field as the body moves
B) it is stays active and stable in a spatial receptive field as the head moves
C) it is stays active and stable in a spatial receptive field as the eyes move
D) it is stays active and stable in a spatial receptive field as the eyes, head, and body moves
E) all of the above

Question 34

Auditory input to the superior colliculus is primarily from the _________and visual inputs from the _____________.

A) cochlea, visual cortex
B) vestibular organs, retina
C) cochlea, cerebellum
D) inferior colliculus, retina

Question 35

Which statement best describes how auditory and visual space maps are aligned in the superior colliculus of primates?

A) the auditory receptive field does not change with eye or head position
B) the auditory receptive field changes with eye and head position
C) the auditory receptive field changes with eye position
D) the auditory receptive field changes with head position

Question 36

Neurons in the ventral intraparietal area primarily encode visual and auditory information from which spatial coordinate transformations

A) eye-centered
B) head-centered
C) intermediate
D) body-centered
E) a-c

Question 37

If someone suffers a hemorrhagic stroke that impairs their posterior parietal cortex, how might their spatial coordinate transformations?

A) only visual information from eye-centered coordinates might be impaired
B) only auditory information from eye-centered coordinates might be impaired
C) visual and auditory stimulus from eye-centered coordinates might be impaired
D) visual and auditory stimulus from eye, head, and body-centered coordinates might be impaired
E) none of the above

Question 38

Refer to figure 11.17, In the text if the hidden loudspeaker was kept directly in front of the monkey, then the auditory receptive field would shift _____________as the monkeys eyes were directed to the right.

Question 39

What is the purpose of laterally directed inhibitory neurons in a somatotopic map, such as for the sensation of a needle prick on the finger?

A) amplification of the stimulus signal
B) reducing the level of stimulation for targeted sensory neurons in the location of the stimulus
C) lowering pain thresholds
D) refining and improving stimulus localization to a more exact location
E) all of the above

Question 40

Motor control and movement is dependent upon activity of which of the following structures and reflexes?

A) deep cerebellar nuclei
B) premotor cortex
C) spinal reflexes
D) vestibular reflexes
E) all of the above

Question 41

Give one example each of when you use eye-centered, head-centered, and body-centered coordinates to inform where a stimulus is coming from in space.

Question 42

Which of the following are examples of saccades?

A) quickly moving your eyes to see a lightning streak as you see a flash
B) examining a hillside and moving your eyes to where you see a bird take flight
C) moving your eyes to the upper left side of a diagram on a PowerPoint slide as the professor points to it
D) a and b only
E) all of the above

Question 43

Match each of the ocular or extraocular muscles and motor neurons that control saccades with their appropriate function: (more than one answer might be appropriate)
-_____control horizontal and vertical eye movements

A) superior and inferior rectus and obliques
B) lateral and medial rectus
C) trochlear, abducens, and oculomotor nuclei.

Question 44

Match each of the ocular or extraocular muscles and motor neurons that control saccades with their appropriate function: (more than one answer might be appropriate)
-_____rotate the eyes horizontally

A) superior and inferior rectus and obliques
B) lateral and medial rectus
C) trochlear, abducens, and oculomotor nuclei.

Question 45

Match each of the ocular or extraocular muscles and motor neurons that control saccades with their appropriate function: (more than one answer might be appropriate)
-_____rotate the eyes vertically

A) superior and inferior rectus and obliques
B) lateral and medial rectus
C) trochlear, abducens, and oculomotor nuclei.

Question 46

Match each of the ocular or extraocular muscles and motor neurons that control saccades with their appropriate function: (more than one answer might be appropriate)
-_____rotate the eyes in the oblique direction

A) superior and inferior rectus and obliques
B) lateral and medial rectus
C) trochlear, abducens, and oculomotor nuclei.

Question 47

Explain how in a dark room you can navigate yourself to a light switch.

Question 48

Referring to the figure above, which of the following cranial nerve nuclei are necessary for horizontal eye movements?

A) a and b
B) a and c
C) a, b, and c
D) c only

Question 49

Which of the following best explains why saccade movements are so rapid (>350 degrees/second)?

A) the superior colliculus is mapped to specific retinoic inputs
B) retinoic inputs synapse directly on eye muscles
C) the circuitry between a retinoic input through the superior colliculus and ultimately synapsing on the eye muscles is short and directed
D) a and c
E) none of the above

Question 50

Consider the experiment described on page 357 and figure 11.23 In the text in which the eye muscles of one eye are weakened in a monkey and then saccades are tracked. If the experimenters were to cover the intact eye first when they presented visual stimuli on day 1 and then switch the patch to the weakened eye for 5 days, what would you expect the outcome to be?

A) the intact eye will make a saccade that is too large
B) the intact eye will make a saccade that is too small
C) the intact eye will be unaffected or slightly smaller
D) the intact eye will produce no saccade at all

Question 51

List the four major functions of the frontal eye field and give an example of each.

Question 52

Place the following in order from 1-9 for the flow of synaptic stimulation that elicits a saccade via the cortical side-loop involving the primary visual cortex
____retina
____cranial nerves III, IV, and or V
____higher order visual cortices
____superior colliculus
____reticular formation
____lateral geniculate nucleus
____primary visual cortex
____frontal eye field
____motor neurons enervating eye muscles

Question 53

All of the following are true functions and characteristics of head saccades, except

A) the superior colliculus and cortical eye fields are both important in initiating head saccades
B) completion of a head saccade takes longer than an eye saccade
C) moving a target location into the acoustic fovea
D) re-center the eyes in their eye sockets after an eye saccade
E) head saccades are initiated by the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 54

The inability to direct a hand movement to a target you visually fixate on is called ____________.

Question 55

The vestibulo-ocular reflex must be inhibited in some cases of object location. Give an example of this and state an example of how you could show, experimentally using an animal model, this reflex was inhibited.

Question 56

World-centered representations of the environment around you create by identifying direction coordinates (north, south, east, west) as well as landmarks are called _____________.

Question 57

In the examples below, state which are
-____memorizing the sequence of left and right turns in your commute to campus each day

A) egocentric habit learning
B) allocentric place learning.

Question 58

In the examples below, state which are
-____navigating an alternative route to work in order to avoid construction

A) egocentric habit learning
B) allocentric place learning.

Question 59

In the examples below, state which are
-____forgetting to turn off your route to your parent's house to dinner so you can stop by the store

A) egocentric habit learning
B) allocentric place learning.

Question 60

In the examples below, state which are
-____a rat crawling over the end of a wooden maze in order to reach the food instead of navigating trained left and right turns

A) egocentric habit learning
B) allocentric place learning.

Question 61

In the examples below, state which are
-____following Google maps instructions to a museum while traveling in Europe

A) egocentric habit learning
B) allocentric place learning.

Question 62

One of the ways Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is identified is by observation that a person suddenly gets lost when navigating familiar routes such as how to get home from the grocery store they frequently visit. What is the best explanation for this?

A) amyloid plaques and neuronal death is often located in the hippocampus of AD patients
B) amyloid plaques and neuronal death is often located in the cerebellum of AD patients
C) amyloid plaques and neuronal death is often located in the neocortex of AD patients
D) amyloid plaques and neuronal death often affect the optic nerve of AD patients

Question 63

Explain how place cells and grid cells interact to help you learn a route to your work after you move to a new city.

Question 64

Which species have been used to confirm experimentally the presence of place cells in their hippocampus?

A) humans
B) rats
C) monkeys
D) a-c.
E) a and b only

Question 65

Grid cells and head-directed cells have been found in the highest density in the________.

Question 66

Honey bees have been shown to have evidence of allocentric navigation. Design an experiment involving honey bees that would either support or contradict this hypothesis.

Question 67

Which of the following would you expect from a rat that had bilateral lesions of it's hippocampus?

A) severe delay in the Morris water maze as compared to controls
B) significant increase in efficiency in the Morris water maze as compared to controls
C) a complete inability to localize a platform in the Morris water maze
D) no difference from controls in the Morris water maze

Question 68

Cell in the hippocampus that respond specifically to stimuli in space no matter how an animal is oriented are called ___________cells and those that have multiple place fields in a triangulated pattern are called _________ cells.

Question 69

Match each Nobel Laureate scientist with their appropriate discovery in neurobiology and behavior:
-_____ signal transduction mechanisms

A) Pavlov
B) Golgi and Cajal
C) von Bekesy
D) Sperry, Hubel, and Weissel
E) Neher and Sakmann
F) Carlson, Greenard, and Kandel
G) O'Keefe, Moser and Moser.

Question 70

Match each Nobel Laureate scientist with their appropriate discovery in neurobiology and behavior:
-_____ intricate details of the structure of the nervous system

A) Pavlov
B) Golgi and Cajal
C) von Bekesy
D) Sperry, Hubel, and Weissel
E) Neher and Sakmann
F) Carlson, Greenard, and Kandel
G) O'Keefe, Moser and Moser.

Question 71

Match each Nobel Laureate scientist with their appropriate discovery in neurobiology and behavior:
-_____ function of single ion channels

A) Pavlov
B) Golgi and Cajal
C) von Bekesy
D) Sperry, Hubel, and Weissel
E) Neher and Sakmann
F) Carlson, Greenard, and Kandel
G) O'Keefe, Moser and Moser.

Question 72

Match each Nobel Laureate scientist with their appropriate discovery in neurobiology and behavior:
-_____ mechanism of stimulation of the cochlea

A) Pavlov
B) Golgi and Cajal
C) von Bekesy
D) Sperry, Hubel, and Weissel
E) Neher and Sakmann
F) Carlson, Greenard, and Kandel
G) O'Keefe, Moser and Moser.

Question 73

Match each Nobel Laureate scientist with their appropriate discovery in neurobiology and behavior:
-_____ the physiology of digestion

A) Pavlov
B) Golgi and Cajal
C) von Bekesy
D) Sperry, Hubel, and Weissel
E) Neher and Sakmann
F) Carlson, Greenard, and Kandel
G) O'Keefe, Moser and Moser.

Question 74

Match each Nobel Laureate scientist with their appropriate discovery in neurobiology and behavior:
-_____ discoveries of place cells in the hippocampus

A) Pavlov
B) Golgi and Cajal
C) von Bekesy
D) Sperry, Hubel, and Weissel
E) Neher and Sakmann
F) Carlson, Greenard, and Kandel
G) O'Keefe, Moser and Moser.

Question 75

Match each Nobel Laureate scientist with their appropriate discovery in neurobiology and behavior:
-_____ specialized function of the cerebral hemispheres and information processing in the visual system

A) Pavlov
B) Golgi and Cajal
C) von Bekesy
D) Sperry, Hubel, and Weissel
E) Neher and Sakmann
F) Carlson, Greenard, and Kandel
G) O'Keefe, Moser and Moser.

Question 76

Which of the following need to be controlled for in order for the experimental setup in figure 11.29 In the text to provide evidence for egocentric or allocentric learning?

A) all of the rats have adequate vision
B) the food does not have a poignant odor
C) the maze low enough for the rats to identify features in the room
D) the motor skills of the rats are all equivalent
E) all of the above

Question 77

Design an experiment using the Morris water maze that could determine if activation of neurons important for navigation was primarily executed via excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters.

Question 78

Which of the following is the best explanation of the region of space more represented in the visual cortex, V1?

A) all regions of space are equally represented in V1
B) mammalian ears are immobile and are most sensitive to sound in the central visual field
C) mammalian eyes do not move laterally very quickly and therefore the central visual field is most represented in V1
D) the highest density of photoreceptors is in the fovea and therefore visuotopic map is highly dense with neuronal activity in the central visual field
E) all of the above