Deck 5: Using imagination in sport: mental imagery and mental practice in athletes

Question 1

The term "cognitive" means:

A) Emotion seeking
B) Behavioural
C) Knowledge seeking
D) Pathological

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The process of generating a mental image has been likened to:

A) Running perception forwards
B) Running perception backwards
C) Running sensation backwards
D) Running sensation forwards

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The acronym fMRI stands for:

A) Functional metallic research imaging
B) Functional microdynamic response initiation
C) Functional microscopic resonance initiation
D) Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The occipital cortex is widely regarded as the:

A) Auditory processing centre of the brain
B) Movement processing centre of the brain
C) Visual processing centre of the brain
D) Taste processing centre of the brain

Question 5

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the theory that mental imagery relies on visuo-spatial (depictive) representations?

A) Kahneman
B) Kerlinger
C) Kobasa
D) Kosslyn

Question 6

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the theory that mental imagery relies on symbolic (descriptive) representations?

A) Pashler
B) Pylyshyn
C) Paivio
D) Peterson

Question 7

Diary studies by Kosslyn et al. (1990) showed that about two-thirds of people's reported mental images are:

A) Auditory in nature
B) A mixture of visual and auditory in nature
C) Visual in nature
D) Motor in nature

Question 8

The idea that all thoughts have muscular concomitants is known as:

A) The ideo-motor principle
B) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
C) The Stroop phenomenon
D) The Zeigarnik effect

Question 9

Which behavioural psychologist in 1913 published the Behavioural manifesto that attacked mentalistic constructs such as mental imagery?

A) Skinner
B) Watson
C) Pavlov
D) Hull

Question 10

According to Cohen (1992), an effect size of around 0.50 represents a:

A) Small effect
B) Medium effect
C) Large effect
D) Non-effect

Question 11

The highly-cited meta-analysis of research on mental practice that was published in
1994 in the Journal of Applied Psychology, was written by:

A) De Groot et al.
B) Dishman et al.
C) Decety et al.
D) Driskell et al.

Question 12

The mental chronometric paradigm for studying motor imagery involves measuring the:

A) EEG activity of athletes engaged in forming mental images
B) Temporal congruence between real and imagined action
C) Brain activity in the occipital cortex
D) Eye movements of athletes

Question 13

According to Guillot and Collets (2005) review, there is a high degree of temporal congruence between actual and imagined movements in the case of:

A) Attention-demanding actions
B) Conscious actions
C) Largely automatic actions
D) Actions performed in stressful situations

Question 14

The discovery that mental imagery shares some neural representations and brain circuits with perception and motor control is known as the:

A) Functional asymmetry hypothesis
B) Functional fixation hypothesis
C) Functional engagement hypothesis
D) Functional equivalence hypothesis

Question 15

Cognitive theories of mental practice propose that it works by:

A) Priming faint activity in peripheral musculature
B) The placebo effect
C) Facilitating the coding and rehearsal of key elements of the task
D) Increasing self-efficacy in the practitioner

Question 16

The PETTLEP approach to mental/motor imagery was developed by:

A) Holmes and Rahe
B) Holmes and Collins
C) Hilgard and Atkinson
D) Hardy and Gould

Question 17

According to Shane Murphy (1994), what percentage of athletes at the US Olympic Training Centre reported using mental imagery regularly?

A) 65%
B) 75%
C) 85%
D) 95%

Question 18

Which of the following psychologists postulated that mental imagery affects motivational as well as cognitive processes?

A) Pylyshyn
B) Podgorny
C) Posner
D) Paivio

Question 19

According to Hall et al. (1968), athletes who use imagery to rehearse a skill in their mind's eye before executing it, are engaging in:

A) Motivational specific imagery
B) Cognitive specific imagery
C) Motivational general-arousal imagery
D) Motivational general-mastery imagery

Question 20

People who form motor images by seeing either themselves or someone else performing an action are using:

A) A first-person perspective
B) A second-person perspective
C) A third-person perspective
D) A multi-code perspective