Deck 14: Higher Education

Question 1

Which of the following was NOT a recommendation made by the National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers in regard to police higher education?

A) The majority of federal funds for police higher education should go to programs with broad curriculums and well-educated faculty rather than to narrow technical programs
B) No college credit should be granted for attending police department training programs
C) College should employ primarily full-time police-education teaching staffs, seeking faculty members with PhD degrees in arts and sciences
D) Government policies at the federal level only should encourage educating police officers before they begin their careers

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The studies seem to indicate that college-educated officers performed better on the job and were less authoritarian than those without a college education. Another factor that seemed to have an influence on these findings was __________.

A) the officer's age
B) the officer's seniority
C) the officer's college major
D) the overall college experience

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The case of Davis v. City of Dallas decided that __________.

A) requiring police applicants to have a high school education was not unconstitutional
B) requiring police applicants to have a minimum of 45 semester hours with a C average was unconstitutional
C) requiring police applicants to pass a standard physical agility test was discriminatory
D) none of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The case of Castro v. Beecher held that __________.

A) police applicants must have a minimum of 45 credit hours from an accredited university
B) police applicants must have a high school education
C) police applicants must have a bachelor's degree
D) none of the above

Question 5

This became a national issue in the 1964 presidential campaign:

A) War on drugs
B) Crime in the streets
C) Higher education for police
D) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following, with few exceptions, does not require a college degree?

A) City police departments
B) State police departments
C) Sheriff's offices
D) None of the above

Question 7

Early research on the impact of college on police attitudes found __________.

A) the levels of authoritarianism increased with higher levels of education
B) the levels of flexibility decreased with higher levels of education
C) the levels of authoritarianism decreased with higher levels of education
D) the levels of flexibility increased at the lower levels of education

Question 8

Roberg (1978) examined the relationship between attitudes and performance. Patrol officers with higher levels of education were less authoritarian and performed better than those with less education. Which factor(s) had an impact on the results?

A) Age
B) Seniority
C) College major
D) None of the above

Question 9

A BJS survey reported that the percentage of officers employed by a state or local department with some type of college requirement for new officers in 2003 was about __________ that of 1990.

A) the same as
B) ten times higher than
C) three times higher than
D) five times higher than

Question 10

A PERF study recommended a preventive approach for a department that is going to require higher education for employment. This can be accomplished by __________.

A) letting the courts decide on a case by case basis
B) having an expert prepare a policy support paper citing the benefits of college-educated officers
C) illustrating the number of programs available for police applicants
D) all of the above

Question 11

To validate the need for higher-education requirements, possibly the best approach, one that has withstood the scrutiny of the courts, is to __________.

A) use national studies and commission reports
B) use case law
C) look at the history of policing
D) none of the above

Question 12

One of the early issues about the unregulated rise of programs in police science or law enforcement was __________.

A) the true need for such programs
B) the academic rigor of the programs
C) where the programs would be conducted
D) all of the above

Question 13

As criminal justice programs continued to grow at the college level, changes were occurring within these programs. These changes included __________.

A) more PhDs added to the faculty
B) the programs becoming less vocationally oriented
C) a greater emphasis on a broader-based curriculum
D) all of the above

Question 14

Higher education is associated with which of the following?

A) High levels of use of force
B) Fewer opportunities of promotion
C) Lower levels of job satisfaction
D) None of the above

Question 15

This case challenged the department's requirement of 45 semester units with a minimum of a C average:

A) Davis v. City of Dallas
B) Castro v. Beecher
C) Griggs v. Duke Power Company
D) None of the above

Question 16

This case supported the idea that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validating in stating that such requirements indicates a measure of accomplishment and ability which is essential for performance as a police officer:

A) Arnold v. Ballard
B) Palmer v. United States
C) Davis v. City of Dallas
D) City of Tulsa v. Berg

Question 17

This case ruled that employment practice is job related, and it may be allowed as a requirement, even though it has discriminatory overtones:

A) Thompson v. Oklahoma
B) Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
C) Hagan v. Pennsylvania
D) ACLU v. United States

Question 18

The final section of this chapter discusses the future of education in policing. The type of education it discusses is _____.

A) A two-year community college degree for police recruits
B) Post-graduate education for senior police executives
C) Military training for police officers who want to attain the rank of sergeant
D) None of the above

Question 19

Some research suggests that approximately _______ of officers in the field have a baccalaureate degree.

A) 13 percent
B) 43 percent
C) 53 percent
D) 33 percent

Question 20

Who was one of the first individuals to call for higher education for police officers?

A) Max Weber
B) Brenda Davis
C) August Vollmer
D) None of the above

Question 21

One study discovered that the benefits of a college education did not become apparent until the officers gained some experience.

Question 22

While educated officers are commonly believed to perform better on the job in various ways, there is absolutely no relationship between education and on-the-job performance or effectiveness.

Question 23

Age, seniority, college major, and the quality of educational experience have little impact on higher education and job performance.

Question 24

No employment practice is permitted to have discriminatory overtones.

Question 25

Research indicates that college-educated police officers are more "humanistic" police officers.

Question 26

The logic used by the courts to decide the Davis case has also been applied by the courts to health-related professions and airline pilots.

Question 27

It appears as though the departments want college-educated officers when they apply but the departments are not doing much to encourage officers to continue their education beyond what was required for initial employment.

Question 28

Findings from a 2007 study of over 3,300 police-citizen encounters indicated that officers with some college education or a four-year degree were significantly more likely to use verbal force during encounters with suspects.

Question 29

One of the reasons for wanting increased educational levels in policing was because people were afraid to go out alone at night.

Question 30

Standards have not been significantly raised by police departments due in part to the fear that college requirements would be discriminatory against minorities.

Question 31

Seeing the need for educated officers, the early policing courses were well received by the other disciplines at the universities.

Question 32

One of the first individuals to call for higher education for police officers was Max Weber.

Question 33

In a finding by PERF, female officers had about the same educational level as male officers.

Question 34

Before the 1980s, in many police departments, an officer with a college degree was often viewed with contempt and resentment.

Question 35

It appears that if strong recruitment efforts are made to attract college-educated minorities, a college degree requirement should have little impact on minority hiring.

Question 36

The quality of the educational experience may be an important variable in determining the impact of higher education.

Question 37

Research suggests that college-educated officers tend to make better decisions than non-college-educated officers, are less likely to use force or to be involved in civil liability complaints, and are more likely to take leadership roles and be promoted.

Question 38

Non-college-educated officers are less likely to be involved in civil liability complaints.

Question 39

The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society called for the improvement of police personnel through higher education.

Question 40

Despite the various benefits of higher levels of education among officers, departments have not yet developed incentive programs to increase education among officers.

Question 41

Discuss the relationship between higher education and police attitudes.

Question 42

Should departments offer incentives to increase education among its officers? Why or why not?

Question 43

Discuss the recommendations of the National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police Officers.

Question 44

Research indicates that college-educated officers are involved in cases of individual liability significantly less frequently than non-college officers. Explain why the non-college officer is more involved in liability cases.

Question 45

Discuss how the quality of college-level programs has changed over the years. What are some of the reasons for the changes?

Question 46

Matching
-Scholarship and recruitment program

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 47

Matching
-Crime Control Act

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 48

Matching
-Davis v. City of Dallas

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 49

Matching
-Educational-incentive programs

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 50

Matching
-BFOQ

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 51

Matching
-The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 52

Matching
-President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 53

Matching
-Arnold v. Ballard

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 54

Matching
-Griggs v. Duke Power Company

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society

Question 55

Matching
-National Advisory Commission on Higher Education for Police

A) Provided money for higher education to in-service law enforcement personnel and to students who were interested in pursuing a career in law enforcement
B) Used to validate higher-educational requirements as minimum criteria for entry-level selection
C) Documented the problems of police education
D) Challenged police department's requirement of having college credits
E) Report issued by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice
F) Most comprehensive federal crime legislation since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
G) Supported the notion that an educational requirement can be quantitatively job validated
H) Used to encourage officers to continue their education beyond minimum requirements
I) If an employment practice is job related, it may be allowed as a requirement, even if it has discriminatory overtones
J) Issued a report entitled The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society