Deck 10: Force and Coercion

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a source of data regarding police officers' use of deadly force?

A) FBI reports
B) The study of individual cities
C) PPCS reports
D) The National Center for Health Statistics

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In this type of conflict, an officer's behavior meets the expectations of some segments of the community but is inconsistent with both law and departmental policy:

A) Type 1 conflict
B) Type 2 conflict
C) Type 3 conflict
D) Type 4 conflict

Answer 2

C

Question 3

This type of conflict occurs when there are differences between law and departmental policy:

A) Type 1 conflict
B) Type 2 conflict
C) Type 3 conflict
D) Type 4 conflict

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How is type 3 conflict best described?

A) Conflict is due to differences between the law and departmental policy.
B) Law and departmental policy may consider the police use of force appropriate, but a substantial segment of the community does not.
C) Conflict between officers regarding the same event.
D) An officer's behavior meets the expectations of some segments of the community but is inconsistent with both law and departmental policy.

Question 5

What is defined as violence of a degree that is more than justified to affect a legitimate police function?

A) Police brutality
B) Verbal abuse
C) Third degree
D) Excessive force

Question 6

In what case did the Court rule that psychologically coercive techniques interfere with constitutional ideas of fair play?

A) McAllen v. Washington
B) Larson v. United States
C) Miranda v. Arizona
D) New York v. Scott

Question 7

There are three categories for which data are required if the extent of the use of deadly force is to be determined. These categories are __________.

A) physical, harmful, and passive
B) individual, group, and organizational
C) death, injury, and non-injury
D) indirect, direct, and combination

Question 8

Which of the following is true regarding extra-legal police aggression?

A) It occurs when a police officer engages in behavior that is intended to injure someone physically or psychologically.
B) It serves no legitimate police function.
C) It includes behaviors such as physical violence and lesser forms such as verbal threats and insults.
D) All of the above are true regarding extra-legal police aggression.

Question 9

Which of the following is true concerning the adoption of more restrictive deadly force policies by police?

A) The number of citizens killed by police has actually risen.
B) The number of police officers being injured or killed has increased.
C) These policies are viewed as an alternative to the fleeing-felon rule.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a change that states have made in regard to the use of deadly force?

A) Many states have modified the fleeing-felon rule and have tightened the legal basis for the use of deadly force.
B) The shooting of unarmed, nonviolent suspects has been ruled by the Supreme Court to be a violation of the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution.
C) Almost all urban police departments have enacted restrictive administrative policies regarding the use of deadly force.
D) All of the above are changes that states have enacted.

Question 11

There are a number of factors that influence the use of deadly force. The neighborhood where the police do their work is an example of what factor?

A) Racial considerations
B) Officer factors
C) Environmental variations
D) Changes in policy

Question 12

What percentage of incidents of police using deadly force involves an officer who is off duty?

A) 1 to 5 percent
B) 6 to 9 percent
C) 10 to 14 percent
D) 15 to 20 percent

Question 13

This authorized the use of deadly force when a suspect of a serious crime was attempting to run from the police:

A) Fleeing-felon rule
B) Escape clause
C) Restricted shooting policy
D) None of the above

Question 14

Under the use-of-force continuum, this operates on the assumption that the visible authority of the state is sufficient to deter criminal wrongdoing:

A) Firm grip
B) Verbalization
C) Mere presence
D) Command voice

Question 15

More restrictive guidelines concerning the police use of deadly force have resulted in what?

A) The number of citizens killed by the police has declined
B) The number of police injuries or deaths has increased
C) The adoption of the fleeing-felon rule
D) All of the above

Question 16

The carotid hold and the arm bar-control hold are examples of what type of control?

A) Firm grips
B) Impact techniques
C) Pain compliance
D) Deadly force

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the five changes in present-day laws and departmental policy regulating the use of deadly force that Blumberg identifies?

A) courts have made it much easier for a citizen to file a lawsuit and collect civil damages as a result of a police action
B) shooting of unarmed, nonviolent suspects has been ruled by the Supreme Court to be a violation of the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution
C) states have not modified the fleeing-felon rule and have tightened the legal basis for use of deadly force
D) Almost all urban police departments have enacted restrictive administrative policies regarding the use of deadly force

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the areas of research on the police use of deadly force?

A) Individual and situational factors
B) Changes in immigration policy
C) Changes in law and policy
D) Environmental and departmental variations

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a contemporary use of deception?

A) The person, or suspect, is not told the truth about why he or she is being questioned
B) The police do not make a promise that later can be denied or modified
C) The police provide a justification to the suspect for the act; for example, "the victim got what she deserved"
D) The suspect is not told that the person asking the questions is a police officer

Question 20

_____operates on the assumption that the visible authority of the state is sufficient to deter criminal wrongdoing.

A) Verbalization
B) Firm grips
C) Mere presence
D) Pain compliance

Question 21

The police use of force must involve some type of physical contact.

Question 22

Defense-of-life shooting policies generally restrict the use of deadly force to situations in which the officer's life, or another person's, is in jeopardy to prevent the escape of a person who is extremely dangerous.

Question 23

Police are more likely to encounter antagonism or injury in proactive situations.

Question 24

Excessive force must be intentional.

Question 25

Homicides of police officers have been decreasing at a faster rate than homicides by police officers.

Question 26

The shooting of unarmed, nonviolent suspects has been ruled by the Supreme Court to be a violation of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.

Question 27

Environmental and departmental differences exist in the frequency with which police use Category 1 deadly force.

Question 28

Excessive force and police brutality fall on different points of the use of force continuum.

Question 29

Federal data indicates a rise in the reports of police brutality over recent years.

Question 30

Whites are more likely to be shot by the police than are African American and Hispanic minorities.

Question 31

According to the 2005 Police-Public Contact Survey, the most common reason for police contact was being the driver of a motor vehicle that was pulled over by the police.

Question 32

An officer's assignment appears to be a much more important predictor of the use of deadly force than age, intelligence, and educational background.

Question 33

Generally, the police can legally use trickery and deception as long as their methods do not involve coercion or improper promises.

Question 34

Studies covering police departments over a 30-year period concluded that police employ verbal force and the threat of physical force relatively often, but their use of actual physical force is much less common.

Question 35

By permitting open deception, the courts are encouraging the police to emphasize good ends over legal means.

Question 36

The purpose of the use of deadly force is usually to incapacitate a suspect, not to kill the suspect.

Question 37

According to the 2005 Police-Public Contact Survey, over 43 million citizens had face-to-face contact with a police officer.

Question 38

The working notions of normal force are the strategies taught to the police at the academy.

Question 39

The police are permitted to promise the suspect a lighter sentence in exchange for information.

Question 40

Homicides of police officers have been increasing as a faster rate than homicides by police officers.

Question 41

Mere presence is the lowest level of force on the continuum of force.

Question 42

African American officers are less likely to use deadly force.

Question 43

Almost all urban police departments have enacted restrictive administrative policies regarding the use of deadly force.

Question 44

More restrictive deadly-force policies have resulted in an increase in the number of police officers being injured or killed.

Question 45

Local police cultural standards for the use of force differ considerably from formal departmental policy and are more likely to support greater use of force than do formal training and policy.

Question 46

Discuss the three types of conflicts that may result when the police use of force may not agree with community standards, legal factors, or departmental policy.

Question 47

Holmes and Smith focus on extra-legal police aggression when dealing with force. What is extra-legal police aggression? Discuss the reasons why Holmes and Smith say that extra-legal police aggression may be preferable to force.

Question 48

Describe excessive force and police brutality and provide an example of each.

Question 49

What is psychological coercion? What are three examples of psychological coercion that are used today?

Question 50

Discuss some of the findings of the Police-Public Contact Survey and highlight any unusual or interesting findings.

Question 51

Matching
-Command voice

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 52

Matching
-Fleeing-felon rule

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 53

Matching
-Abuse of authority

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 54

Matching
-CED

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 55

Matching
-Less-lethal weapons

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 56

Matching
-Officer survival

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 57

Matching
-Use of force

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 58

Matching
-Continuum of force

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 59

Matching
-Excessive force

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function

Question 60

Matching
-Verbal force

A) Authorized use of deadly force on fleeing suspects
B) More vibrant and is issued in the form of an order
C) The most controversial aspect of the legal authority of police
D) A non-physical but aggressive form of force
E) Used as part of police training that goes from the least to the greatest, to match the intensity of the suspect's resistance
F) Sticky foams, "Dazzler" light, and lasers
G) Weapons designed to disrupt a subject's central nervous system by means of deploying electrical energy
H) Central to many training programs are classes that deal with the major risks faced by police officers
I) The second approach to defining brutality
J) Violence of a degree that is more than is justified to effect a legitimate police function