Deck 7: Democracy and Representation: Struggles for Freedom and Efforts to Restrict It

Question 1

Ideally in a democracy, representation is the concept in which representatives advocate in a way that reflects the ______.

A) backgrounds or demographic makeup of citizens
B) wishes of citizens
C) voice of the majority
D) voice of minorities

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The transitions experienced by many countries in Eastern Europe such as Poland and Czechoslovakia after the end of the Cold War are known as ______.

A) modernization
B) shock therapy
C) democratization
D) liberalization

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Systems of government that incorporate elements of democracy and authoritarianism are broadly referred to as ______.

A) electoral autocracies
B) hybrid regimes
C) constitutional oligarchies
D) illiberal democracies

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Popular sovereignty is defined as the ______.

A) authority of the state which has legal power to issue final commands
B) influences in a state that lie behind the law
C) authority to rule as vested in the general population
D) authority of the person or people who can make their will prevail

Question 5

In arguing that citizens should be able to form their own preferences, communicate them, and have them heard by government in a democracy, Robert Dahl is referring to the importance of ______.

A) contestation
B) participation
C) accountability
D) responsiveness

Question 6

That democracies should be pluralistic, or open to different and opposing ideas, political parties, and politicians is another way of referring to ______.

A) contestation
B) participation
C) accountability
D) responsiveness

Question 7

That citizens should have access and the ability to voice different ideas, join political parties, or run for office is another way of referring to ______.

A) contestation
B) participation
C) accountability
D) responsiveness

Question 8

Which of the following regimes is characterized by the inherited right to rule with limited popular sovereignty, contestation, or participation?

A) absolute monarchy
B) constitutional monarchy
C) single party/dictatorship
D) hybrid regime

Question 9

Which of the following regimes is characterized by the inherited right to rule, but power is often more ceremonial than sovereign?

A) absolute monarchy
B) constitutional monarchy
C) single party/dictatorship
D) hybrid regime

Question 10

Which of the following regimes is characterized by the concentration of power in the hands of an appointed individual or small group with limited popular sovereignty, contestation, or participation?

A) absolute monarchy
B) constitutional monarchy
C) single party/dictatorship
D) hybrid regime

Question 11

Which of the following regime types is probably the least common around the world?

A) absolute monarchy
B) representative democracy
C) single party/dictatorship
D) hybrid regime

Question 12

Which of the following nondemocratic regimes is the most common around the world?

A) absolute monarchy
B) constitutional monarchy
C) single party/dictatorship
D) hybrid regime

Question 13

Why are countries like Pakistan and Uganda considered nondemocratic, despite having implemented many democratic institutions and norms?

A) These countries did not actually liberalize.
B) The speed of liberalization has been slower than expected.
C) These countries liberalized, but then reversed course.
D) These countries began liberalization, but the process stopped.

Question 14

Why are countries like Russia and Turkey considered nondemocratic, despite having some elements of democratic practices and institutions?

A) These countries did not actually liberalize.
B) The speed of liberalization has been slower than expected.
C) These countries liberalized, but then reversed course.
D) These countries began liberalization, but the process stopped.

Question 15

Which of the waves of democratization is characterized by the onset of universal male suffrage in France or several Latin American countries?

A) first wave
B) second wave
C) third wave
D) fourth wave

Question 16

Which of the waves of democratization is characterized by decolonization in sub-Saharan Africa?

A) first wave
B) second wave
C) third wave
D) fourth wave

Question 17

Which of the waves of democratization is characterized by the onset of democracy in Spain, Portugal, and Greece?

A) first wave
B) second wave
C) third wave
D) fourth wave

Question 18

Huntington's waves of democracy depend on which elements of democracy to be evident?

A) elections and civil society
B) political opposition and elections
C) elections and universal suffrage
D) participation and elections

Question 19

The Arab Spring could be considered evidence for which wave of democratization?

A) first wave
B) second wave
C) third wave
D) fourth wave

Question 20

The process by which democracy takes root and stabilizes in a country is known as democratic ______.

A) transition
B) initiation
C) consolidation
D) maturation

Question 21

Democratic diffusion is a major characteristic of which of Huntington's waves of democratization?

A) first wave
B) second wave
C) third wave
D) Diffusion did not feature prominently in any particular wave.

Question 22

What is the central argument of democratic peace theory?

A) Democracies do not fight wars against authoritarian states.
B) Democracies never fight wars.
C) Democracies do not fight wars against other democracies.
D) Democracies sometimes have to fight wars against other democracies.

Question 23

Which of the following triggers of democratic initiation emphasize inside-out global interactions?

A) social movements
B) demonstration effect
C) democracy promotion
D) commodity price collapse

Question 24

The influence of the social movements in Tunisia on neighboring countries in the Middle East and North Africa in 2011 was an example of the ______ dynamics of democratic pressure.

A) inside-out
B) outside-in
C) top-down
D) bottom-up

Question 25

The galvanization and mobilization of civil society through the establishment of what would soon be illegal or unsanctioned websites and social media during the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong is an example of the ______ dynamics of democratic pressure.

A) inside-out
B) outside-in
C) top-down
D) bottom-up

Question 26

Which of the following scholars' arguments about successful democratic consolidation can be summarized as "no bourgeoisie, no democracy?"

A) Carles Boix
B) Samuel Huntington
C) Barrington Moore
D) Daron Acemoglu

Question 27

The prevailing theory of democratic consolidation that relates democracy to income posits that ______.

A) consolidation is tied to modernization and development
B) democratization will not occur in societies with high degrees of inequality or high degrees of equality
C) democratization will occur in societies with high degrees of inequality
D) consolidation can only occur if different groups in society are treated equally

Question 28

The prevailing theory of democratic consolidation that focuses on the relationship between inequality and democratization argues that ______.

A) consolidation is tied to modernization and development
B) democratization will not occur in societies with high degrees of inequality or high degrees of equality
C) democratization will occur in societies with high degrees of inequality
D) consolidation can only occur if different groups in society are treated equally

Question 29

The prevailing theory of democratic consolidation that accounts for ethnic and religious differences in societies stresses that ______.

A) consolidation is tied to modernization and development
B) democratization will not occur in societies with high degrees of inequality or high degrees of equality
C) democratization will occur in societies with high degrees of inequality
D) consolidation can only occur if different groups in society are treated equally

Question 30

The most likely driver behind the mainland Chinese repression of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong is ______.

A) financial repercussions
B) political liberalization
C) economic inequality
D) social inequality

Question 31

The diminishing ability of governments around the world to maintain regime stability or even consolidate democracy in the face of globalization is an indication of the influence of ______ over democratization.

A) global governance
B) global markets
C) information and communications technology
D) shifting centers of power

Question 32

The sense that unaccountable officials have greater control over the destiny of citizens is a consequence of ______.

A) global governance
B) the democratic deficit
C) shifting centers of power
D) political inequality

Question 33

The pressure for former communist countries in Eastern Europe to meet the reforms and requirements to join NATO and the European Union is an example of the influence of ______.

A) global governance
B) global markets
C) information and communications technology
D) shifting centers of power

Question 34

The prevalence of social media activity during the Arab String or the Umbrella Movement is testament to the importance of ______.

A) global governance
B) global markets
C) information and communications technology
D) shifting centers of power

Question 35

The increasing power and rising, countervailing influence of the BRICS countries--some of which are democratic and some of which are not--may lead to changes in the prevalence of democratic diffusion and the dynamics of international organizations promoting democracy. This is evidence of ______.

A) global governance
B) global markets
C) information and communications technology
D) shifting centers of power

Question 36

Representation is only possible in democratic countries.

Question 37

Authoritarian systems are generally uniform because they are by definition nondemocratic.

Question 38

Countries that have elections to determine political leaders or representative are democratic.

Question 39

If Doorenspleet's reassessment of Huntington's waves of democratization is taken into account, countries like Switzerland and Australia would still count as "first wave" democracies.

Question 40

Evidence from contemporary measures of democracy suggests that authoritarian regimes are no less stable than democracies nowadays.

Question 41

Since the end of the Cold War, although it has slowed down, there remains a continuing trend toward democratization.

Question 42

Democracy promotion has been a consistent and successful policy engaged by most countries in the Global North.

Question 43

Nearly all outside-in pressures for democratization flow from the Global North to the Global South.

Question 44

One major theory concerning democratic consolidation focuses on the importance of strong civil society as a driver of change, other economic or other social conditions being equal.

Question 45

When in 2018 the United States indicted Russian agents for attempting to "promote discord … and undermine public confidence in democracy," the Department of Justice was, in effect, revealing the influences of outside-in forces that can affect democratic consolidation.

Question 46

What is "democracy" and what makes a country "democratic?" Are all "democracies" equally "democratic?" Make an argument about what constitutes these regimes with applications from the real world.

Question 47

Identify and discuss major trends in democratic development over time. How have these trends been characterized? Are these characterizations accurate or adequate? Why or why not?

Question 48

Why are some countries democratic and others not? Consider the nature of regimes around the world today, and illustrate your arguments with examples.

Question 49

Is democracy "safe" in an ever-globalizing world? Will the world become increasingly democratic? Why or why not?

Question 50

In what ways do global forces and interactions shape democracy and regime change around the world? Use real-world examples to illustrate your arguments.