Deck 10: Qualitative Data Analysis

Question 1

Bivariate analyses are used to assess the relationship between two variables to examine if the variables are statistically correlated with each other.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The following statement is an example of an inverse relationship: When the number of police officers increases, crime rates decrease.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Normal bell-shaped curve is called mesokurtic, which helps determining what percentage of the population is likely to have what score.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Leptokurtic results when the scores are spread out relatively evenly.

Question 5

When most scores are congregated at the upper end of the graph, the graph is positively skewed.

Question 6

A histogram is useful for displaying categorical variables.

Question 7

Cross-tabulations can show four important associations between two or more variables: existence, strength, direction, and pattern.

Question 8

Gamma can be used when examining whether two nominal variables are associated with each other.

Question 9

The larger the absolute value of t, the more likely it is to show a significant difference between the two variables.

Question 10

Chi square is proper when testing hypotheses about categorical data.

Question 11

Type II error occurs when the researcher thinks a relationship between variables exists when it really does not.

Question 12

With the Pearson correlation coefficient, it is possible to signify a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

Question 13

With regression analyses, it is possible to signify a cause-and effect relationship between two variables.

Question 14

Statistics can be utilized in qualitative research.

Question 15

Which of the following is false regarding bivariate statistics?

A) Bivariate statistics are used to assess the relationship between two variables.
B) Bivariate statistics can address the question: As one variable increase does the other variable increase or decrease?
C) Variables can move in the same direction as well as in the opposite direction.
D) An inverse relationship refers to a situation where one variable decreases as the other variable also decreases.

Question 16

Which of the following is not an example of positive relationships?

A) Crime rates increase as proactive police officers arrest more drug offenders.
B) Crime rates decrease as unemployment rates decrease.
C) The amount of alcohol consumption decreases as self-esteem increases.
D) The grade on the exam increases as the amount of time spent studying for an exam increases.

Question 17

Which of the following is false regarding normal bell curves?

A) The scores presented on the graph are evenly distributed.
B) One very good example of normal bell curves is the IQ curve.
C) With normal bell curves, it is possible to determine what percentage of the population is likely to have what score.
D) None of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is false regarding skewed curves?

A) Criminal justice data are always normally distributed.
B) The age of criminal offending produces a skewed curve.
C) The data on arrests are more likely to produce a skewed curve.
D) None of the above

Question 19

A __________ curve refers to the normal bell shaped curve when the data are plotted.

A) skewed
B) mesokurtic
C) leptokurtic
D) platykurtic

Question 20

The following curve represents a __________ curve.

A) skewed
B) mesokurtic
C) leptokurtic
D) platykurtic

Question 21

The following curve represents a __________ curve.

A) skewed
B) mesokurtic
C) leptokurtic
D) platykurtic

Question 22

The following curve represents a __________ curve.

A) skewed
B) mesokurtic
C) leptokurtic
D) platykurtic

Question 23

The following curve is

A) positively skewed.
B) negative skewed.
C) mesokurtic.
D) platykurtic.

Question 24

In the case of exams where most students achieved between 65 and 80, a tail is pulled to the right of the normal curve. This type of distribution is called a __________________ curve.

A) positively skewed
B) negatively skewed
C) mesokurtic
D) platykurtic

Question 25

In a ______________ curve, scores are spread out relatively evenly.

A) positively skewed
B) negatively skewed
C) mesokurtic
D) platykurtic

Question 26

Which of the following is false regarding distribution curves?

A) When a distribution is skewed, the mean is most strongly affected.
B) The mode is not really affected by just one extreme score.
C) The mean can be greatly affected by one extreme score.
D) None of the above

Question 27

Which of the following is false regarding graphical presentations?

A) To depict data graphically, it is desirable to use complicated graphs.
B) Graphical presentations help identifying outliers.
C) Often times, a simple bar chart or graph is enough to present data.
D) None of the above

Question 28

A ____________ consists of solid bars that are separated by spaces. It is useful for displaying nominal or categorical data.

A) bar chart
B) pie chart
C) histogram
D) cross-tabulation

Question 29

A __________ has bars touching one another. It is useful for displaying continuous data.

A) bar chart
B) pie chart
C) histogram
D) cross-tabulation

Question 30

A ___________________ is a table that shows the distribution of one variable for each category.

A) bar chart
B) pie chart
C) histogram
D) cross-tabulation

Question 31

To measure the association of two nominal variables, _________ can be used.

A) lambda
B) gamma
C) t test
D) Chi square

Question 32

Which of the following is true regarding lambda?

A) Lambda ranges -1 to 1.
B) A perfect association between the two variables would be presented by the number 0.
C) Lambda shows how probable it is that nominal variables are related.
D) None of the above

Question 33

To measure the association of two ordinal variables, ___________ can be used.

A) lambda
B) gamma
C) t test
D) Chi square

Question 34

Which of the following is true regarding gamma?

A) Gamma ranges 0 to 1.
B) A strong positive relationship would be represented by 1.
C) A strong negative relationship would be represented by 0.
D) All of the above

Question 35

The purpose of __________ is to see if the means of two groups of scores differ to a statistically significant degree.

A) lambda
B) gamma
C) t test
D) Chi square

Question 36

_____________ can be used when researchers are interested in hypothesis test of categorical data.

A) lambda
B) gamma
C) t test
D) Chi square

Question 37

Chi square not only provides a numerical value but also a measure of the level of confidence that is reported as

A) lambda.
B) gamma.
C) t level.
D) p level

Question 38

Which of the following is true regarding the probability of making an error in hypothesis testing?

A) Type I error occurs when the researcher thinks a relationship between the variables exists when it actually does not.
B) Type II error occurs when the researcher thinks a relationship between the variables does not exist when it actually does.
C) The lower reported value of statistical significance set by the researcher, the less likely it is that a type I error will occur.
D) All of the above

Question 39

__________ is the most common tool used to measure the relationship between two interval or ratio level variables.

A) t test
B) Chi square
C) Pearson correlation coefficient
D) Gamma

Question 40

The goal of __________ is to determine if the dependent variable is a function of the independent variables.

A) bivariate analysis
B) Chi square
C) Pearson correlation coefficient
D) regression analysis

Question 41

Which is the oldest recorded means of data collection?

A) oral history
B) ethnography
C) case studies
D) none of the above

Question 42

Which of the following is not a qualitative approach?

A) oral history
B) meta analysis
C) ethnography
D) interviews

Question 43

What are the common programs often used by qualitative researchers?

A) SPSS and SAS
B) QDA Miner
C) ATLAS
D) all the above

Question 44

__________ examines the statistical relationship between two variables.

Question 45

A(n) __________ refers to a situation where one variable increases as the other variable also increases.

Question 46

A(n) __________ refers to a situation where one variable increases as the other variable decreases.

Question 47

A(n) __________ is based on the normal distribution of the data.

Question 48

A(n) __________ refers to a normal curve when the data are plotted.

Question 49

A(n) __________ refers to a skewed distribution where most scores are tightly grouped together when the data are plotted.

Question 50

A(n) __________ refers to a flatter curve where the scores are spread out evenly when the data are plotted.

Question 51

A(n) __________ is a graph that depicts categorical data by utilizing individual bars to represent the variables.

Question 52

__________ is a test of statistical significance for nominal level variables.

Question 53

__________ is a test of statistical significance for ordinal level variables.

Question 54

__________ is a statistical test used to determine if the mean values between variables or between samples are statistically different.

Question 55

__________ is a test used when assessing the relationship between variables. It helps to determine if there is true statistical significance in the association.

Question 56

__________ occurs when the null hypothesis is erroneously rejected.

Question 57

__________occurs when the hull hypothesis that there is no relationship between the variables should have been rejected but, in fact, was not.

Question 58

__________ is a measure of association between two continuous variables that can tell both the strength and the direction of the linear relationship.

Question 59

__________, also known as multivariate analysis, focuses on causality, which helps to determine if the values of the dependent variable can be predicted by the values of the independent variable(s).

Question 60

What are three common coding methods?
Open coding, axial coding, selective coding

Question 61

What is a "negative case method"?
Examining what did not happen and what is not explicit in the data

Question 62

Discuss the challenges of establishing "causality" in a qualitative study.
Cannot even identify study variables beforehand, much less establish temporal order, association or spuriousness; much more subjective approach; philosophical differences form quantitative studies.

Question 63

How are qualitative studies more complicated than many quantitative studies?
Many possible forms of qualitiave studies; strategies must evolve and change as new avenues of inquiry open up; unique ethical challenges, all contingencies cannot be identified prior to data collection; at least 7 different ways to analyze qualitative data

Question 64

What are the factors to consider with mixed methods analysis?

Question 65

In order to assess causality, three important criteria must be met. Please list and describe each of these.

Question 66

What philosophical differences exist between qualitative and quantitative researchers?

Question 67

How do these differences impact the issue of causality?

Question 68

Does qualitative analysis differ from quantitative analysis? How do you feel about combining the two?

Question 69

What is the common means of evaluating field data?

Question 70

What are the more common types of qualitative research? Least common?